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THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA (CASTILIAN EXPLORATIONS (Discovery of America…

- - - - Importation of exotic products from Orient
        
        Silk Road
      - 1453: Turks conquered Constantinople
        
        search for new routes
    - - New embarkations
        
        Caravel
      - quadrant
      - Compass
      - Astrolabe
      - Hourglass
      - Nautical maps
        
        There were represented coasts, routes and obstacles
- - - - King of Portugal rejected it
      - Based on the sphericity theory of the Earth
      - To arrive to Asia through the West
    - - Catholic Kings
      - Capitulations of Santa Fe
        
        3 ships left Palos de la Frontera on the 3er August 1492
        
        First stop: Canary Islands
    - - Prediction of arriving to Japan (Cipangu)
        
        Calculation mistake
      - Arrival on 12th October 1492 to the Island of Guahaní
        
        Travels around other islands and comes back to Castile.
      - Columbus made three other trips
    - - Columbus died convinced he had arrived to America
      - 16th century, Amerigo Vespucci proved that it was a new continent
        
        America
  - - - Resorted to the Pope
    - - West for Castile
        
        Most part of America
      - East for Portugal
        
        Africa
        
        Asia
        
        Brasil
    - - Two big overseas empires
        
        Spanish Empire
        
        Portuguese Empire
  - - - Fernando Magallanes
        
        1519: surrounded the American continent to the South
        
        1520: crossed the Magallanes strait
        
        Arrived to Philipines
      - Juan Sebastián Elcano
        
        Arrived to the Moluccas Islands (The "islands of the spices")
        
        1522: Went back to Castile surrounding Africa
        
        First world tour
        
        Proved the sphericity of the Earth
- - - - School of navigators and mapmakers in Sagres.
  - - - Cape of Good Hope
        
        Path to the Indian Ocean
  - - - To assure supplies to the ships
      - Trade control
- - - - Andes Range
        
        Chile
        
        Ecuador
        
        Peru
        
        Bolivia
        
        Argentina
    - - Supreme authority: Inca
        
        Son of the Sun
      - Society
        
        Nobility
        
        People
        
        Craftmen
        
        Goldsmithing
        
        Ceramist
        
        Peasants
        
        Servant
        
        Slaves
    - - Farming
        
        Corn
        
        Potatoes
      - Livestock
        
        Llama
        
        Alpaca
    - - Polytheistic
        
        Viracocha
        
        God creator
        
        Inti
        
        God of Sun
    - - Big constructions
        
        Fortresses
        
        Machu Pichu
        
        Temples
        
        Palaces
      - Paths net of more than 40.000km
  - - - El Salvador
      - Guatemala
      - Peninsula of Yucatan
      - Territories of Mexico
      - Belize
      - Honduras
    - - Splendour: 300-900 a.C.
      - Wars and fights provoked the decline
    - - Independent cities governed by a chief
      - Different social groups
        
        Nobility
        
        Priests
        
        Craftmen
        
        Peasants
        
        Slaves
        
        war prisoners
    - - Farming
        
        Cocoa
        
        Corn
        
        Cotton
        
        Tomato
      - Trade between cities
  - - - Valley of Mexico around 12th century
    - - 14th century
        
        Tlacopan
        
        Tenochitlan
        
        Texcoco
      - Emperor
        
        Political power
        
        Religious power
    - - Nobility
      - Traders
      - Artisans
      - Peasants
      - Slaves
    - - Farming
      - Craftwork
        
        Ceramic
        
        Goldsmithing
        
        Silversmithing
    - - Politheystic
    - - Great architects
        
        Temples
        
        Big pyramid-shaped
        
        Walled cities
        
        Palaces
- - - - Privileged
        
        Nobility
        
        Clergy
      - Non-privileged
        
        Bourgeoisie
        
        Powerful
        
        Bankers
        
        Traders
        
        Artisans
        
        Modest life
        
        Small merchants
        
        Modest life
        
        Peasants
        
        Hard conditions
        
        Occidental Europe
        
        Stopped being serfs
  - - - Increase of population
        
        Increase of demand of products
        
        Increase of farming
        
        Exploitation of new land
      - Craftwork
        
        Increase of demand
        
        Manufacture activities
        
        Trade exchange
      - Big cities
        
        Harbours
        
        Craft centers
      - Atlantic trade
    - - Problems
        
        Big inversions
        
        Assaults
        
        Sinking
        
        Piracy
      - Solutions
        
        Associations of trading companies
        
        To share
        
        Losses
        
        Benefits
        
        Bankers
        
        Credit
        
        Paycheck
        
        Bills of exchange
      - Great commercial activity
        
        Private in hands of some families
        
        Welser
        
        Fugger
        
        Medici
        
        Spinola
        
        Borromeu
        
        15th century: Public banks
        
        First: Taula de canvi of Barcelona