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Advances in Depressive Cognition (Ruminative processes (People with a…

- - - - Wells & Papageorgiou’s (2003) metacognitive model: several disorders can be caused by a combination of attentional problems, excessive self-focus, and positive and negative beliefs about rumination.
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  - - - Teasdale's theory provided a characterization of conceptual-evaluative self-focus and experiential, non-evaluative self-focus as distinct modes of processing, with the former predicted to impair recovery from upsetting events relative to the latter. Critically, these findings extend previous results demonstrating that experimental manipulations of experiential versus conceptual-evaluative self-focus can influence cognitive processes such as overgeneral memory recall (Watkins and Teasdale, 2001 ) and problem solving (Watkins and Baracaia, 2002 ) to more direct measures of emotional experience, in this case, negative mood and intrusions.
  - - - COONEY et al (2010) hypothesized that MDD participants would exhibit increased activation during rumination in regions associated with emotional processing (e.g., amygdala), retrieval of autobiographical memory (e.g., parahippocampus), and the processing of self-related concepts (e.g., MPFC).
        
        The amygdala has been the focus of numerous investigations of depression (e.g., Drevets, 2003; see Gotlib & Hamilton, 2008, for a review). In particular, Siegle et al. (2006) reported sustained amygdala activation to be correlated with self-reported rumination. Cooney found that the amygdala is differentially active in depressed than in nondepressed individuals during rumination.
        also found greater rACC activation in the MDDs than in the CTLs during RUM versus ABS. The rACC—a subregion of the MPFC—has frequently been implicated in depression
        
        Can this refine diagnosing?
- - - - Comparing depressed women with and without a history of childhood sexual abuse, they found those who reported a history of abuse retrieved significantly more overgeneral memories than the depressed patients who did not report such a history. These data indicated that level of overgeneral memory might be related to experience of trauma in addition to a diagnosis of depression
    - - and in samples with subclinical levels of depression (often referred to as dysphoria to distinguish it from more severe major depression described earlier (Ramponi, 2004)
  - - - The data suggest that a history of traumatic experiences is closely linked to the occurrence of overgeneral memory deficits, and this occurs despite the fact that individuals are not being asked to retrieve memories related to their trauma.
        
        However, as studies of war veterans (McNally et al. 1995), traffic accident victims (Harvey et al., 1998) show, the mere presence of a history of trauma is not sufficient. These studies included control groups that had been exposed to the trauma but for whom there was no prolonged emotional disturbance or PTSD, and in these groups, an overgenerality memory deficit was not found.
        
        This suggests that the relation between trauma and specificity of memory is moderated by qualitative aspects of the trauma (e.g., how severe and prolonged the trauma was; Hermans et al., 2004) and the way in which people cope with it (e.g., by attempted avoidance; Kuyken & Brewin, 1995).
        
        People's reactions to trauma may also be a function of age. Willebrand et al. (2002) found that adult burn victims did not differ from controls in memory specificity. However, if burns are sustained in childhood, memory specificity is compromised (Stokes, Dritschel, & Bekerian, 2004).
- - - - Severity of depression at follow-up predicted by extent of intrusion and avoidance at Time 1, even when controlling for initial depression. Occasional intrusions not important. Outcome not predicted by distress associated with memory or by overgeneral memory.
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      - Werner-Sielder and Moulds (2010) compared the characteristics of autobiographical memories recalled by recovered depressed individuals and never-depressed controls. Investigated memory qualities of both negative and positive autobiographical memories, and found that formerly depressed individuals recalled less vivid positive memories than their never-depressed counterparts, but only in a sad mood.
        
        in sad mood, individuals with a history of depression exhibit differential patterns of cognitive functioning than non-vulnerable individuals.
- - - - mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), a
        treatment that teaches recovered depressed patients to become more aware of their upsetting thoughts and feelings significantly reduces relapse in patients with a history of three of more previous episodes of major depression, compared to treatment-as-usual (Teasdale, et al., 2000).