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Refugee Crisis (Stats data facts (2015 1.3 million refugees/migrants…
Refugee Crisis
Stats data facts
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traffiking/smuggling routes well established eg med sea 3rd countries deploy officers but also give up and let through
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Syrian refugees smuggled into Italy/Greece 2013= 18,972
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crisis started second half of 2011 EU28 1/3 refugees first year then closed door so numbers decreased again by not signaling openess driving underground- to smugglers, these numbers have increased 14.7% 2011 40.9% 2012 and 44.7% 2013 nearly half only able to reach europe by smuggling, response has been more obstacles patrol police/wire fences (Fargues)
followa Iraqi crisis 2006-9 displaced 2 million to same countries Syrians fleeing to and syria none of these countries durable settlements eg Lebanon not in Geneva convention no proper refugee status can be abused/kept in poverty also hotbed for religious divdies Fargues
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structural responses
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institutions
not EU instiututions alone UNHCR and IOM act as counter weight to EU migration policy which dom migration policy stage/norms . Not only counter weight also subcontracting responsibilities to them and corrrecting them where wrong. Gives EU legitimiact (Lavenex)
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EU establisging rules/norms with 3rd countries ensure tackle flow of irregular migrants , balananced cooperation package? to make it worth it for 3rd countries must broaden agenda - capabilities and expectations gap limitations financially/documentation and must give 3rd countries material benefits costly to internalise norms at judical exec level (Trauner 2016)
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UNHCR= united nations high commissoner for refugees, humanistrain mandate
Garrera et al= common policy agenda- commission for migration joined up setting 6 short term goals 1. temp emergency relocation 2.relocation outside EU 3.tripling capacpity and budget for border agency 4. increase emergnecy funding frontline 5. stregthen maritime 6. establsh common security/defence policy
Gareera et al medium term= 1. reduce incentive for irregular migration 2. border management 3.duty to protect 4.newpolicy on legal migration redistribute among EU member states or redistribute resources
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Burdon sharing/number accepted in line with GDP to replace Dublin attempted not succeeding cos competing national interests at odds with each other Greenhill
current burdon on Greece and Italy receiving aid/fiances/expertees to help as uanble to cope (Greenhill)
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Gareera et al EU working towards common pol on migration/asylum/borders facing 3 challenges 1. fairer legal responsibilities and international solidarity 2. proper implementations and enforcement 3.common policy agenda short term priorities need to be long term and holistic
lumping together econ and assylum in Justice and Home Affairs doesn't allow normative aspects (liberal) attitudes to come out
european neighbourhood agreement bilateral and multilateral inconsistencies damaging it Hadfield and zwitter
lack of cosmopolitan narrative in in practice, histroically and theoritically EU normative actor support values cosmopolitan ethcial responsbility but unable to over ride memeber state self inetrest Hadfield and Zwitter
Gross 2015 no clear rules for dealing with assylum seeker and mgrants clearly systems aren't working, Dublin unfair share of burdon esp on countries which lack the capacity European Comission suggested by GDP but member states having none of that
semi monoploy DG home for mobility migration and security increasing comp with other institutions again all own interests (Brady 2014)
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Language/coverage
UK: swarms/illegal/invading/swam/floods implies uncontrollable like a force of nature need to protect against Greenhill
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anxities about causes, alarm of impact and unease about response dom Hadfield and Zwitter
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relationship between lang of policy and lang of commentary, beg dom over ethical issues hadfield and zwitter
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Impact on integration
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no choice on migration part of 4 freedoms, since big band eroded tension between increased integration and deepening anti-immigration values
Greenhill= highlighted limitations of common boarder control and failure of Dublin treaty straining integration
Hungary put up physical border, Dublin over ruled when sending asylum seekers back to Italy first point of entry rejected cos of human rights Greenhill
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Securitisation
Caviedes 2015 suggestion that securitisation dom discourse on migration, looked at Italy, France, UK obvs all diff present but not dom however increasing between securitisation and econ, cultural impact also there intersects with other 2
italy crime more dom than other 2, France changed with recent events noticeable shift from coverage in 70s econ dom in UK but also uk focus on intra-EU migration
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scapegoat in the media perpetuating by language used eg swarms us/them - media capacity to frame issues not just pol (Caviedes)
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EU goals
EU failed to agenda set with econ argument when actually so minimal didn't set the agenda set by nation states Garrera
needs longterm multi sector approach, sort out Dublin system, better cooperation between institutions, external border tackle Gareera
coercive migration / CEM
- generators threaten/create cross border chaos unless conced to demands 2. agents don't deliberatbut act in way which instigates out flow 3. opportunists threaten to close border to create humanitarian crsis/emegergency for pol favours (Greenhill)
related to securitisation? flow considered threatening relative to size events neg sterotypes of countries with fleeing pops
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