Refugee Crisis

Stats data facts

Securitisation

Caviedes 2015 suggestion that securitisation dom discourse on migration, looked at Italy, France, UK obvs all diff present but not dom however increasing between securitisation and econ, cultural impact also there intersects with other 2

Retis and Berivvides 2005 increased migration increased crime security concerns

scapegoat in the media perpetuating by language used eg swarms us/them - media capacity to frame issues not just pol (Caviedes)

italy crime more dom than other 2, France changed with recent events noticeable shift from coverage in 70s econ dom in UK but also uk focus on intra-EU migration

no single coherent EU wide framing of immigration Caviedes

Impact on integration

neh attitude immigration associated lower support integration (Toshkov et al )

structural responses

asymetric shock Toshkov et al

migration can also build shared sense of identity norms and ideas (Toshkov et al)

if perceived cultural/econ threat fear/resentment (Toshkov et al

Manevska et al scale of migration doesn't determine level of perceived threat

no choice on migration part of 4 freedoms, since big band eroded tension between increased integration and deepening anti-immigration values

institutions

not EU instiututions alone UNHCR and IOM act as counter weight to EU migration policy which dom migration policy stage/norms . Not only counter weight also subcontracting responsibilities to them and corrrecting them where wrong. Gives EU legitimiact (Lavenex)

EU establisging rules/norms with 3rd countries ensure tackle flow of irregular migrants , balananced cooperation package? to make it worth it for 3rd countries must broaden agenda - capabilities and expectations gap limitations financially/documentation and must give 3rd countries material benefits costly to internalise norms at judical exec level (Trauner 2016)

europeanisation of migration policy (Trauner 2016)

part of might against unwanted flows

UNHCR= united nations high commissoner for refugees, humanistrain mandate

increasingly subcontracting

2015 1.3 million refugees/migrants arrive Europe 1/2 Syria 1/3 pol asylum

have legal/normative obligation however rekindling RRW and nationalism

national>EU Greenhill

Greenhill= highlighted limitations of common boarder control and failure of Dublin treaty straining integration

Burdon sharing/number accepted in line with GDP to replace Dublin attempted not succeeding cos competing national interests at odds with each other Greenhill

Hungary put up physical border, Dublin over ruled when sending asylum seekers back to Italy first point of entry rejected cos of human rights Greenhill

Language/coverage

UK: swarms/illegal/invading/swam/floods implies uncontrollable like a force of nature need to protect against Greenhill

Polish law and justice party- muslim migrants bring diseases Greenhill

Hungary PM muslim migrants like an army Greenhill

2015 60 million displaced

costs not shared equally

current burdon on Greece and Italy receiving aid/fiances/expertees to help as uanble to cope (Greenhill)

different from preovious crsis cos have internet and fb ESTABLISH SAFER PATHS QUICKER

coercive migration / CEM

  1. generators threaten/create cross border chaos unless conced to demands 2. agents don't deliberatbut act in way which instigates out flow 3. opportunists threaten to close border to create humanitarian crsis/emegergency for pol favours (Greenhill)

related to securitisation? flow considered threatening relative to size events neg sterotypes of countries with fleeing pops

2016 EU/Turkey deal prevent unchecked arrivals and alleviate schegean strain

migration now top of pol agenda - can't ignore it any more

Gareera et al EU working towards common pol on migration/asylum/borders facing 3 challenges 1. fairer legal responsibilities and international solidarity 2. proper implementations and enforcement 3.common policy agenda short term priorities need to be long term and holistic

Juncker- new start for europe - need to do it properly

Garrera et al= common policy agenda- commission for migration joined up setting 6 short term goals 1. temp emergency relocation 2.relocation outside EU 3.tripling capacpity and budget for border agency 4. increase emergnecy funding frontline 5. stregthen maritime 6. establsh common security/defence policy

Gareera et al medium term= 1. reduce incentive for irregular migration 2. border management 3.duty to protect 4.newpolicy on legal migration redistribute among EU member states or redistribute resources

hotspot Italy and greece

list of safe 3rd countries which not considered asylum from eg Balkan

3 billion additional resources for border control 2015

greece/italy hopspots uneven distribution/strain combo with financial crisis

traffiking/smuggling routes well established eg med sea 3rd countries deploy officers but also give up and let through

european border and coast guard shared management semi military status legal body of the EU

hungary building wall quasi-systematic dismal of agreements Garrera

EU goals

EU failed to agenda set with econ argument when actually so minimal didn't set the agenda set by nation states Garrera

needs longterm multi sector approach, sort out Dublin system, better cooperation between institutions, external border tackle Gareera

a human and political disaster Fargues 2014

Syria 7 million removed from homes as of 2014

4.5 million internally displaced people 2014

2.5 million fled abroad as of 2014

The burden isn't really on the EU (Fargues)

top countries are neighbours Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey, Iraq, Egypt

this doesn't tell full story Fargues Germany and Sweden taking in considerably more 2/3 of refugees Bulgaria also proportionately taking lots compared to Austria in 2014 taken none

2013 took in 42,480

Syrian refugees smuggled into Italy/Greece 2013= 18,972

amount EU doing isn't keeping up with war Fargues

crisis started second half of 2011 EU28 1/3 refugees first year then closed door so numbers decreased again by not signaling openess driving underground- to smugglers, these numbers have increased 14.7% 2011 40.9% 2012 and 44.7% 2013 nearly half only able to reach europe by smuggling, response has been more obstacles patrol police/wire fences (Fargues)

discussion of brudon sharing essentially come too late trying to avoid sticky issue internally done lot of damage

followa Iraqi crisis 2006-9 displaced 2 million to same countries Syrians fleeing to and syria none of these countries durable settlements eg Lebanon not in Geneva convention no proper refugee status can be abused/kept in poverty also hotbed for religious divdies Fargues

how do brudon share more? setting up camps giving humanitarian visas avoiding external border exepting from visa requirements

shouldn't be forever need to go home and rebuild country

inescapable national frame/solutions/level for implementation (Nancheva)

Bulgaraia discrepancy between purpose and implementation in application of EU framework Nancheva reflects wider structural challenges

too little and too much europeanisation- gap in implementation Nancheva

liberalism vs resitrcition diff sets of lang used for both

lumping together econ and assylum in Justice and Home Affairs doesn't allow normative aspects (liberal) attitudes to come out

anxities about causes, alarm of impact and unease about response dom Hadfield and Zwitter

policy synthesizing most salient components of issue Hadfield and Zwitter

first response has been at the national level emphasis on neg cos in their interests to try avoid helping Hadfield and Zwitter

relationship between lang of policy and lang of commentary, beg dom over ethical issues hadfield and zwitter

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limitations of europe when comes to memeber states interests Hadfield and Zwitter

european neighbourhood agreement bilateral and multilateral inconsistencies damaging it Hadfield and zwitter

lack of cosmopolitan narrative in in practice, histroically and theoritically EU normative actor support values cosmopolitan ethcial responsbility but unable to over ride memeber state self inetrest Hadfield and Zwitter

Gross 2015 no clear rules for dealing with assylum seeker and mgrants clearly systems aren't working, Dublin unfair share of burdon esp on countries which lack the capacity European Comission suggested by GDP but member states having none of that

semi monoploy DG home for mobility migration and security increasing comp with other institutions again all own interests (Brady 2014)

UN refugee agency past 50 million ifrst time since ww2

policy on labour migration complicated by insiders and outsiders Brady 2014

home affairs dom institution (Brady 2014)