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Poultry Production Systems (Classification system of the poultry sector…
Poultry Production Systems
Classification system of the poultry sector
Elite pure lines (<1% of the population)->Grandparent->Parent->production birds
Broilers selected for fast growth to 2.4kg, breast + leg muscle, table weight gained in 40 days
Layers selected for early sexual maturity, come into lay at 18 weeks as are slow growing, >310 eggs per year, kept for 1 cycle until 72 weeks of age, forced moulting in some countries ti instigate a 2nd cycle of laying
Some backyard/hobby poultry
2 main broiler + 4 main layer companies worldwide
Production
Broiler housing
Deep litter intensive systems, controlled environment, 15 birds per m2 after 40 days, red tractor insurance
Enriched barn-additional space, perches + pecking objects, grow to 2.4kg in 56 days, red tractor + freedom food insurance
Free range-2.4kg in 65 days, access to pasture for at least 50% of life span
Free range organic-2.4kg >80 days, continuous daytime access to pasture, no routine antibiotics, soil association insurance scheme
Lighting-20 lux on 80% of the area for at least 8 hours with 6 of darkness-only altered under veterinary advice e.g. to reduce cannibalism
Temperature of 30 decreasing to 20 degrees from birth to day 27
Welfare indicators-mortality, disease, injury, fear, feather, performance, panting, vocalisations
Layer housing
Battery cages banned since 2012 by EU, replaced by enrichment cages (15cm per bird)-well organised to collect egg + faeces
Non cage/barn, 7 birds per nest
Deep litter systems
Aviaries/percheries-tier of mesh platforms
Free range-no cage with day access to vegetation
Free range organic-open air access >1/3 of life
Similar to broilers, twilight period recommend to aid roosting
Temperature of 35 degrees, decreasing to 19 degrees from day 35
Welfare indicators-feathers, beaks, red mite, bumble foot, use of nests + perches, feather pecking, mortality
Be mindful of ammonia + carbon dioxide levels
Main concerns: campylobacter, avian influenza, age of barns,
Global + UK poultry sector
80/90% large integrated farms that are intensive
50% layers caged + 50% free range
Chicken production is booming
In developing countries they compete for feed + food grains, also produce significant levels of waste
UK regulations affecting poultry production
GB poultry register
Animal welfare act
Welfare of farmed animals
Notable diseases
Food safety