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imagination - Gender (thinking sociological about gender (social…

- - - - bodily characteristic
    - - socially constructed
        
        meaning of how each of us should behave
    - - naming and colour coding babies, clothing we wear, alcohol we drink, hobbies we pursue, way we speak, walk, sit, games children play
        
        construction that women should wear makeup
        
        femininity and makeup
      - these are learned practices not a product of individual choices and reproduced by the society we live in
      - difficult to construct gender differently
      - social sanctions is you do not conform to gender norms
        
        women wearing makeup or heels to work
        
        could be sent home
        
        men would be laughed at for wearing makeup
- - - - “women and men are differentially trained in social settings to experience and practice the body differently, which results in very different understandings of self, body, and physical ability, as well as resulting in differential bodily size and capacity” (Whitson, 1994 – cited in Crawley et al, 2008 p.57-8)
        
        run like a girl vs run like a boy
    - - attractiveness vs hairiness
        smoothness vs roughness
        clean & today vs unclean and untidy
        femininity vs masculinity
    - - fixed biological opposites
        
        social construct
      - not everyone fits into one of the other category
    - - girls not encourage because they do not want to be seen as masculine
        
        engouraged not to take up too much space
        
        'like a girl'
  - - - religion loses the power as science becomes more well-known and advanced and so it became important to locate the differences where in nature as religion wasnt as important
        
        urgent need to explain men and womens roles
        
        women arguing they shouldn't be confined to domestic roles
        
        women wouldn't enter education and so life
        
        seen as having smaller brains and bigger pelvis
        
        sex as we know it today is because of science trying to read roles of men and women because of their bodies
- - - - tech and society intertwined- society constructs technology which then constructs society
        
        tech and society are co constructed
- - - - females spend a large proportion of their life removing and changing there body hair
        
        unquestioned norm
        
        social sanctioning if you are hairy
    - - femininity = cosmetics/ beauty and also technophobia
    - - masculinity = control over technology
      - while womens describes shaving as revealing the inner goddess
    - - in indie tech is viewed as women-friendly
  - - - femininity become equated with reproduction in a way that masculinity never has been
        
        womens health and lives defined in term os reproductive bodies
    - - women became defined in terms of their bodily capacities in a way that men do not
        
        gynaecology (science of women)
        
        impacts on development of endocrinology (science of hormones) in 20th century. gynaecology provided easy access to female bodies to gain knowledge and test proucts
        
        hormonal contraceptives for women
    - - feminist = responsibility for contraception resulting in production of HC's for women
        (hormone control)
    - - social expectations of masculinity
        
        womens job to stop getting pregnant, her problem and her job
        
        masculinity = no association with reproduction/ not responsible for contraception
        
        masculinity = burlily as signified by fertility
- - - - 13.9% = average difference between the earnings of men dn women in full time employment in the UK
        
        Fawcett society
      - division of labour by 'glass walls and ceilings'
        
        horizontal walls
        
        women can do nursing and car work and looking after children as it is a natural job for women because of our biology
        
        but underpaid and undervalued compared to computing, science engineering and management
        
        also opposite, men deciding to work with kids, constantly questioned on career choice
        
        glass ceiling
        
        teaching = women / head teacher = men
        
        motherhood explains a large proportion of pay gap
        
        maternity leave = cant return after having a child as hard to manage job and child
    - - imbalance in maternity/paternaty leave and low pay as well as not always fiancnically viable
        
        some countries offer a lot less (unpaid leave and only a couple weeks)
    - - 3 million women experience violence in the uk each year
      - women as sexual objects
        
        the valuing of violence as masculinity
    - - black and minority ethnic feminist theorist like hooks, have long highlighted this critical point
        
        central to contemporary feminist theory
      - every women's experience is different
    - - women carry the 'double burden'
    - - persil and SMA adverts
        
        suggest women should be doing bulk of house work
        
        impacts on learning capacity and careers