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Respiration (Partial pressure (ALL gas particles exert a certain amount of…

- - - - Counter current
      - Concurrent
      - Cross current
      - Pool
    - - Hypoxia
      - Low body temp
      - Sensory stimuli from mother
    - - Around 1/3 gestation, resp. muscles begin to contract, prepare for resp
      - @ Birth, fluid which is present on lungs of embryo squeezed out, some reabsorbed
      - Pulmonary circulation in the neonate is shutdown, as lungs collapsed. Diverted to systemic, DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS... diverted to aorta via this
      - First few breaths...
        
        1) Lungs infated
        
        2) Pulmonary vessels pulled open
        
        3) Decrease in vascular resistance
        
        4) Blood diverted to pulmonary rather than systemic via pressure grad (Hstatic) AND PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE BEGINS
- - - - Visceral
        
        Covering organs - (Resp.)
      - Paritetal
        
        Costal
        
        Diaphragmatic
        
        Mediastinal
        
        Ruminant - Two seperate sides
        
        Other animals - Thin partition, communicating
    - - Ventral - Sternibarae - Manubrium and xiphoid cartialage
      - Lateral - Ribs and intercostal muscles
      - Dorsal - Vertebral column
      - Caudal - Diaphragm
  - - - Turbinates of conchae
        
        Nasopharynx/ Larynx
        
        Trachea
        
        Tracheal bronchi
        
        L&R PRIMARY bronchi
        
        Secondary bronchi
        
        1 more item...
        
        Via Glottic cavity
        
        Tracheal bifurification
        
        Epiglottis, Thyroid, arytenoid cricoid cartialages
      - Where air is warmed, humidified and cleaned
  - - - Aortic hiatus - MOST DORSAL
      - Oesophageal hiatus
      - Caval Foramen - MOST VENTRAL
        
        Via Plica vena cava
  - - - Left =
        
        Cranial
        
        Caudal
      - Right =
        
        Cranial
        
        Cranial
        
        Caudal
        
        Caudal
        
        Middle
        
        NOT In HORSES
    - - Pigs - very marbled
      - Other species not so much
- - - - VAGUS nerve
      - Glomus cells in carotid bodies depolarise when the pO2 is LOW, stimulates and AP, stimulates the ventilation to increase as impulse sent to brain
- - - - Vasoconstriction
      - Alpha and Beta adrenergic receptors (Noradren and adrenaline)
    - - Muscularinic receptors
      - Vasodilation
- - - - Run in a cranio-dorsal to cranio -ventral manner
  - - - Diaphragm relaxes, moves cranially and inwards.
      - Thoracic volume decreases, hence pressure inside alveoli is increased
    - - Iternal ICM contract, pulling ribcage inwards, further decreasing volume
      - Abdominal contents are forced cranially too as abdominal muscles are contracted also.
- - - - (Hence Obese animals will have a decreased compliability)
    - - @ Air - fluid interface
      - Water molecules are diffused and form hydrogen bonds with eachother
      - SURFACTANT produced by type 2 alveolar cells
      - Consists of Ca2+, Proteins and phosphates
      - Surface tesnion is greater in smaller animals as they have smaller alveoli and hence will form bonds and tension over a higher proportion of the alveolus.
      - Clinical sig? = Premature neonates who have not produced enough surfactant