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HF6 (LG (Watson ; main figure (why is he the main figure ?, pros and cons…

- - - - What did people expect from psychology around that time?
        
        For some it wasnot hard science enough, and some wanted it to not drop to the level of a hard science, seeing philosophy and theology as higher causes.
      - When did behaviourism start?
      - Why was Watson’s influence limited in time? Who succeeded him?
      - When did cognitive psychology start? What were key events in its initial
        development?
      - When did psychology as an independent discipline start in the USA?
        Obviously its never possible to pinpoint any single date, but several dates give an impression
        
        1892 Founding of APA
        
        1887 and 1894 first two psyc. journals
    - - Why did the centre of gravity
        in psychological research shift
        from Europe to the USA?
        
        Money Europe was rebuilding after two world wars, while the US was economically better off. This led to a sheer out-investing in psychological research.
        
        Textbooks James' and Woodsworth's textbooks were simply better than Wundt's, and therefore spread further.
        
        Science Enthusiasm in USA from 1800 to 1900
      - ■ In what ways is psychological research influenced by the wider society in which
        it occurs?
        
        Attitudes bring funding, values approve and disapprove of direction
      - ■ To what extent was original
        psychological research inspired by eugenics?
      - ■ To what extent was the ‘new psychology’ a break with the past?
      - ■ How did animal research inspire psychologists?
      - ■ What did behaviourists see as the essential elements of scientific research?
      - ■ What inspired psychologists to include cognitions in their research?
      - ■ In what ways has the history of
        psychology been influenced by the invention of
        the computer?
      - ■ What were the specific
        features of cognitive psychology?
      - ■ Have present-day scientists and
        history writers a tendency to over-use the word
        ‘revolution’?
- - - - Why might we consider that worse ?
  - - - Which
        
        events
        
        people
        
        movements of thought ?
      - What was the original cause, and what tipped the scale ?
- - - - Why ?
        Because it is more practical than structuralism,
        more outcome-oriented.
        Why that ?
        Because Americans were more pragmatic. A nation of
        businessmen who wanted to see results.
      - What is Functionalism ?
        mental states are identified by what they do rather than by what they are made of
    - - Why did Behaviorism develop?
        
        Because of the Theory of Evolution
        
        Why did Darwin's ideas
        lead to an interest in animal
        behavior ?
        Because it allowed to
        describe, predict, explain and change
        animal behavior under the paradigm
        of adaptiveness, which gave rise to new
        theories and generally hope to accomplish
        the four goals of science.
        
        Spencer, Lamarck's writings
        fueled interest
        
        Romane
        
        Eugenics>>Phrenology>>Intelligence Tests
- - - - Phrenology
        
        Phrenology: started with work of Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828) – one of first to hypothesize that different functions were controlled by different parts of brain
        
        Addition: he conjectured well-developed functions were supported by parts of brain with larger volume
        
        By measuring skull, possible to predict strengths and weaknesses of person  technique called cranioscopy – later changed into term phrenology by Johann Caspar Spurzheim (1776-1832), and applied to prediction of character, personality and propensity to crime
        
        Phrenology was part of wider and earlier belief that individual’s personality could be deduced from physical appearance
        
        Gall distinguished 27 independent mental faculties: e.g. instinct of reproduction, love of offspring, self-defence, courage, cleverness, pride and arrogance, religion, kindness etc.
         Spurzheim added eight more
        
        Because of their teachings Gall and Spurzheim had difficulties with Roman Catholic Church in Vienna and in 1807 moved to Paris – parted company in 1812
        
        Spurzheim exported phrenology to Britain and to USA, where it found fertile soil in hands of Fowler brothers
      - Mesmerism