Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

ATTACHMENT (VAN IJZENDOORN & KROONENBURG CULTURAL VARIATIONS…

- - - - Controlled, non-participant observation method was developed, set of activities were followed and observed
        
        Time sampling where observer wrote down what they saw at 15 second interval
        
        The ‘Strange Situation’ involved 8 episodes of about 3 minutes
        
        Mother entered with their child, a stranger entered, the mother had left and the stranger interacted with the child
        
        During this, the researcher noted down how much the following behaviours were shown: willingness to explore, separation anxiety, reunion behaviour and stranger anxiety
  - - - TYPE B: SECURE
        66% all ordered
        
        (E) Uses mother as a secure base when playing and happy to explore the room
        
        (SB) Showed distress when mother leaves
        
        (RB) Easily comforted on her return but greets warily
        
        (StA) Wary of strangers but friendly when mother is present
      - TYPE C: ANXIOUS RESISTANT
        12%
        
        (E) Uses mother as a secure base, will not play after mother has left and returned
        
        (SB) Intense distress on separation
        
        (RB) Seeks to be with mother on return but then rejects her, not easily soothed
        
        (StA) Ambivalent behaviour to the stranger
      - TYPE A:
        ANXIOUS AVOIDANT
        22%
        
        (E) Play is not affected by the presence or absence of the mother
        
        (SB) Not distressed
        on separation
        
        (RB) Showed little interest when she returned
        
        (StA) Avoids strangers but not as strongly as avoids mother on her return
  - - - Main et al
        
        highly reliable
        
        tested infants at 18 months and then at six years using the Strange Situation
        
        majority given same classification type at both measurements
        
        shows method to produce consistent results
      - Hazen and Shaver
        
        Strange Situations’ measure of attachment type is strongly predictive of later development
        
        printed ‘love quiz’ asking people about their early attachment experiences, found that individuals who were securely attached as infants tended to have happy and long-lasting relationships, and believed love was about mutual trust; insecure types were more likely to be divorced and felt true love was rare
        
        shows technique to produce reliable findings which are consistent over time
        
        meaning that it is a reliable measuring tool
    - - could be considered unethical
        
        deliberately putting infants into stressful situations
        
        participants may not be protected from psychological harm
        
        can be argued that it is no more than everyday stress
        
        child is separate from the mother when child is sleeping and a child is left with a stranger when with family members they aren’t familiar with
      - invalid procedure
        
        may not be measuring overall attachment type but attachment to the parent they are with at the time
        
        evidence to support shows a child may have different attachment relationships with their father to those with their mother
        
        Strange Situation may not actually measure what it is thought to be measuring
      - research suggests that Ainsworth’s types of attachment aren’t complete
        
        E: Main and Solomon replicated the study and found a fourth type of attachment (D) called disorganised attachment, where child shows confusing mix of approach and avoidance
        
        child could not fit into any of the three original classification types so a new one was made
        
        validity of Strange Situation is questionable as it fails to identify this type of attachment
- - - - To assess whether loving and nurturing care could overturn the effects of privation
    - - Longitudinal study
        Quasi experiment
        
        IV=adoption age, 3 groups: c1 adopted<6, c2 adopted 6m-2y, c3 adopted>2
        DV=children’s level of cognitive functioning
        
        Upon arrival, 165 Romanian orphans initially assessed for: height, head circumference and cognitive functioning
        Assessed again for phys, cog, emo developments at ages: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18
        
        Compared to control group: 5 British adopted children to ascertain whether negative effects were due to: separation from carers, or institution conditions in Romanian orphanages
    - - AGE 11
        
        Mean IQ of those: adopted<6m was 102, adopted 6m-2y 86, adopted>2y 77
      - EFFECTS
        
        SHORT-TERM
        
        Malnourished (physical) and mentally retarded (cognitive)
        
        LONG-TERM
        
        Low IQ (cognitive), disinhibited attachment (social)
      - AGE 4
        
        Romanian orphans showed great improvements in physical, cognitive and emotional developments; orphans adopted<6m doing as well as control group
      - INITIAL ASSESSMENT
        
        Around 50% of Romanian orphans were retarded in cognitive functioning at initial assessments (IQ<70)
        
        Most were underweight
        
        Control group showed no deficits
    - - Control group had been separated from mothers but did not suffer developmental outcomes; showing that separation from carers will not, on its own, cause negative developmental effects
      - Negative effects of institutionalisation can be overcome by sensitive, nurturing care
  - - - 74% control group=securely attached=19% institutional group
      - 65% institutional group=disorganised attachment
      - 20% control group=disinhibited attachment=44% institutional group
    - - More likely to have insecure-disorganised attachment socially
    - - Assessed attachment in 95 children aged 12-31m who spent on average 90% of their lives in institutional care
        
        Compared to control group of 50 children who had never lived in an institution
        
        Strange Situation used to measure attachment type
        
        Carers were also asked about unusual social behaviour e.g. clingy and attention seeking behaviour (disinhibited attachment) inappropriately directed at adults
  - - - enhanced understanding of institutionalisation effects=practical applications
        
        research lead to improvements in how children are cared for in institutions like orphanages and care homes
        
        Rutter suggested that rather than having 50 different carers that resulted in indiscriminate friendliness to anyone (disinhibited attachment), children have 1 or 2 key workers
      - Tizard and Hodges 1978
        
        variety of research supports Rutter’s conclusion that the early effects of early institutionalisation (and privation) can be reversed
        
        found that children adopted at 4 months formed attachments with their adopted parents whereas children who remained in the institution up to age 16 had no strong attachments and were said “not to care about anyone”
        
        suggests that subsequent loving care after institutionalisation can overcome negative effects
      - Zeanah’s findings were high in validity
        
        removed extraneous variable of individual differences by randomly assigned participants to either fostering or remaining in institution
        
        shows that she had control over the IV
    - - Rutter’s ERA study has methodological flaws which is a limitation
        
        IV was not under control of the experimenter
        
        means pts were not randomly assigned to the conditions, can result in pts differences that might actually explain the differing results and therefore is a confounding variable
        
        children adopted before six months may have not been more sociable individuals and so more likely to be selected for adoption
        
        may be reason why they had less social problems in life rather than being adopted earlier
        
        can reverse the effects of institutionalisation could be invalid
      - Zeanah’s study had ethical issues
        
        some children were being given the chance to have improved surroundings
        
        research shows it leads to better development
        
        showing that she didn’t protect participants from harm
- - - - Looked at 32 studies that used Strange Situation to measure attachment and classify attachment relationship between mother and infant
        
        Research from 8 nations (Japan, Israel and China vs Great Britain, Germany, Netherlands, Sweden and USA) compared, non-western vs western culture
  - - - Compared attachments in Italy to previous research
        
        Used 70 x 12 month old infants
        
        Found 50% showed secure attachment
        Found 36% showed insecure-avoidant attachment
        
        Lower rate of secure attachment than found in many studies
        
        Suggested it is due to an increasing number of mothers with young children, working long hours and using professional childcare
    - - Compared attachments in Korea to other studies
        Proportions of insecure and secure babies were similar to those in most countries
        
        Most infants showing secure attachment
        
        Most with insecure attachment were, specifically, resistant with one infant being avoidant
        
        Similar to attachment distribution in Japan according to Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenburg
        
        Japan and Korea have similar child-rearing styles suggesting attachment is due to parenting methods from the culture
  - - - Meta-analysis had large sample
        
        nearly 200 babies and their primary attachment figures were measured
        
        such sample sizes increase internal validity as they reduce the impact of anomalous results, excluding extraneous variables such as poor methodology or unusual participants
      - samples from western and non-western countries were not equal
        
        27 of the studies were carried out in western countries and 5 in non-western countries
        
        second sample is small meaning that data may not be truly representative of these countries
    - - problem with cross-cultural studies in attachment types is that the Strange Situation technique is culturally biased
        
        Ainsworth’s measure of secure and insecure attachment reflects her own society’s values (USA)
        
        not accurate measure of behaviour in other countries
        
        Takahashi 1990 found Japanese babies rarely leave their mother so they will be much more distressed in the SS
        
        Babies will appear to have insecure, may not be true as per Japanese cultural values
        
        technique developed in 1 culture won’t be valid measurement of behaviour in different culture as behaviours may have different meaning
        (imposed etic = where a culture-specific idea is wrongly imposed on another culture)
      - all studies of SS
        can be criticised
        
        procedure only measures attachment to the parent the child is with at the time rather than attachment type as a whole
        
        procedure can be seen as invalid as it isn’t measuring what it is set out to
        
        meta-analyses or studies using the SS lack validity
- - - - Compared 44 juvenile thieves with control group of another 44 juveniles with emotional problems
        
        Interview children and mother/family about JD’s early lives in terms of separation from mother
        
        All children assessed for signs of, affectionless psychopathy: no sense of guilt, unable to form meaningful relationships, lack of affection and empathy towards others
  - - - 86% of these had experienced early prolonged separations from their mother before the age of five
  - - - Based on what happens if a person has problems with their attachment in early life
        
        If infant is unable to develop a warm, intimate and continuous relationship with mother or permanent mother-substitute
        
        They will have have difficulty forming relationships with other people
        
        They will be at risk of behavioural disorders
        
        If repeated separations before age 2.5 years happens, child might become emotionally disturbed
        
        Bowlby identified several effects due to maternal deprivation
        (based these ideas of findings from juvenile delinquents)
        
        4 more items...
  - - - Practical applications for hospitals
        
        Work focused on importance of a continuous relationship with mother/caregiver leading to hospitals changing policies to allow parents to stay in hospitals with their children
        
        arguable that his theory led to benefits in society
    - - theory is flawed as it may be based on faulty research
        
        44 thieves study doesn’t control EV which could explain later emotional problems not mum sep
        
        doesn’t identify initial reasons for mum sep which might actually cause the later AP not MS
        
        Bowlby’s theory is flawed
      - Kolluchova
        
        evidence exists that contradicts Bowlby’s theory or a critical period
        
        studied twin boys from Czechoslovakia who, after their mother died, were locked up in a cellar from 18 months to 7 years
        
        didn’t have a warm and continuous relationship with mother or mother substitute before age 2.5 years but hey developed normal social and emotional functioning with above average IQs
        
        Bowlby’s concept of a critical period leading to irreversible damage is incorrect
      - Rutter 1981
        
        questioned the use of the term deprivation
        
        argued that a child may not be deprived of a caregiver’s presence, meaning that the child has formed attachment bonds, but these were now broken (disruption of attachment), or the child suffers from what Rutter called Privation (lack of ever having any attachments due to a lack of emotional care
        
        may be suggested that privation not deprivation that has permanent and irreversible effects
        
        suggests Bowlby’s theory of deprivation is not quite accurate