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Autism (Intro to ASD (5 myths (its a unitary disorder (2 dimensions! -->…

- - - - 2 dimensions! --> Ronald et al 2006
- - - - However, the male bias is much more pronounced in ASC, especially in the case of AS.
  - - - Examples of camouflaging include making eye contact during conversation, using learned phrases or pre-prepared jokes in conversation, mimicking other’s social behaviour, imitating facial expressions or gestures, and learning and following social scripts (Lai and Baron-Cohen, 2015).
        
        Tierney et al. (2016) interviewed 10 teenage girls with autism on the social challenges associated with adolescence and analysed the data using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. These teenage girls reported that they developed explicit strategies to manage social relationships, in particular imitation and masking.
        
        men with autism had higher verbal abilities than women with autism, whereas women with autism had higher processing speed and better executive function than men with autism. They proposed that this sex/gender-differential finding might indicate ‘different strategies being applied to camouflage the autistic background during childhood and adolescence’ (Lehnhardt et al., 2016:
      - Recent large-scale, population-based epidemiological studies (many of them included active case ascertainment) show a 2–3:1 male-preponderance compared to the widely cited 4–5:1 ratio from earlier studies (Baxter et al., 2015) possibly suggesting better recognition of females in recent years owing to increased clinical awareness or more sensitive measurement. Longitudinal population-based studies in the Nordic regions particularly confirm this trend (Jensen et al., 2014). Improving our understanding of camouflaging, along with other possible ‘female-phenotypes of autism’, may further facilitate the identification of masked symptoms and difficulties and enhance timely diagnosis and support.
  - - - All of the above behavioral domains (eye contact, language development, quality of social relationships, narrow interests, empathy, systemizing, and embedded figures/attention to detail) and brain structure show sexual dimorphism and appear hyper-masculinized in ASC, raising the possibility that fT may play a role in the development of ASC itself. Three recent experiments have confirmed a positive correlation between fT levels and the number of autistic traits a child shows in toddlerhood [52] and in later childhood (Auyeung et al 2010)
- - - - Huke et al. (2013) Results show clear evidence of an overrepresentation of ASDs in eating disorder samples. This finding emphasizes the need for future research into the clinical implications, as adaptation of conventional psychological therapies for people with ASDs may improve clinical outcomes for this subgroup.The average ASD prevalence rate of the reviewed studies was 22.9%.
        
        It is important to note that six of these studies were based on
        the same Swedish community sample
        
        The other main issue arising from this review is the lack of a
        structured measuring system for investigating ASDs in eating
        disorders. Whilst a number of these studies used the DSM-III-R
        or the DSM-IV, others opted for alternative screening methods.
        This lack of consistency in terms of screening tools renders
        comparisons between investigations difficult (Berkman, et al. 2007).
        
        Specific Traits: Work into specific ASD traits has shown that
        patients with eating disorders appear to have consistent problems
        with set-shifting tasks (Roberts et al. 2007), implying cognitive rigidity and inflexibility. Set-shifting difficulties appear to persist after recovery (Tchanturia, et al., 2004), suggesting it may represent as an endophenotype, to eating disorders. In their research, Lopez, et al. 2008 noted their AN sample to have weak central coherence, with strengths in local processing and relative weakness in global processing compared with controls.
  - - - `Hypothesized that ASD would be much more common amongst young people with an ED compared to age, gender, and IQmatched typically developing controls. Using a wellvalidated clinical ASD assessment measure (the 3Disv), we did not find evidence to support this prediction: a diagnosis of ASD was not significantly more common amongst our EOED participants (1 case of ASD out of 22) compared to TD controls. However, we did find elevated levels of ASD traits in our EOED participants. Their scores on the RBS-R, a wellvalidated and detailed measure of autistic repetitive behavior, were significantly raised compared to TD controls. Specifically, young people with EOED had difficulties with resistance to change, compulsive behaviors, and self-injury of comparable severity to those of participants with ASD.
        
        however, it has been argued that such disturbances are clearly
        distinguishable from clinically defined eating disorders; yet they may precede their onset (Jacobi, et al, 2003). Indeed, around 16% of teenage AN sufferers are thought to have had a premorbid ASD (Rastam, 1992).