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BIOPSYCHOLOGY (ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (GLAND: organ in the body that secretes a…

- - - - hypothalamus control the release of the hormone
        
        pituitary gland controls the stimulation of the hormone
        
        received at target organ/gland
        
        hormone levels increasing
        
        hypothalamus switches off the releasing of the hormone
    - - DIABETES: low level of insulin
      - ADDISON'S DISEASE: low levels of cortisol
      - CUSHING'S DISEASE: high levels of cortisol
- - - - connect sensory to motor neurons
      - short dendrites
      - carry message from one part of the central nervous system to another
      - short axons
      - aka interneurons
    - - carry sensory information from environment and peripheral NS to CNS
      - long
        dendrites
      - short axons
    - - connects CNS to effectors such as muscles and glands
      - short dendrites
      - long axons
- - - - action potentials can be excitatory or inhibitory
        
        INHIBITORY: neurotransmitter increases the negative charge of the post-synaptic neuron which decreased likelihood that the neuron will fire and pass on the electrical impulse e.g. depression
        
        EXCITATORY: neurotransmitter increases positive charge of post-synaptic neuron which increased likelihood that the neuron will fire and pass on the electrical current e.g. adrenaline hormone
- - - - COMPONENTS
        
        SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
        
        five senses -> afferent nerve -> CNS -> efferent nerve -> muscles, organ and glands -> behaviour
        
        receives information from CNS that directs muscles to react and move via efferent nerves
        
        efferent nerves: carry motor or instructional information from the CNS to muscles, organs and glands in the body
        
        transmits and receives information to and from senses to CNS via afferent nerves
        
        afferent nerves: carries sensory information to CNS e.g. visual information from eyes, auditory information from ears
        
        AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
        
        acute stressor in environment detected by senses -> triggers hypothalamus activation in the brain -> prompts autonomic NS
        
        SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
        
        activates in response to danger by sending messages to your body to prepare you for fight or flight
        
        noradrenaline neurotransmitters -> sends message to organs and glands -> adrenal gland in the medulla (midbrain) releases adrenaline hormone into the bloodstream whilst physiological changes also occur in the body
        
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        PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
        
        decreases and stabilises body's physiological changes to a normal state of relaxation and calmness
      - SUMMARY
        
        Peripheral=on the edge (of the body)
        
        31 pairs of spinal nerves outside of the spinal cord
        
        sends information to CNS from the outside world via senses and transmits message from CNS to: muscles, organ, and glands in the body
    - - COMPONENTS
        
        BRAIN
        
        maintains life
        and cognition
        
        e.g. memory: cognitive process
        
        centre of all conascious awareness
        
        COMPOSITION
        
        BRAIN SECTIONS
        (cross section view)
        
        MIDBRAIN: small section between
        limbic system and hind brain
        
        HINDBRAIN: contains cerabellum
        (aka minibrain) bottom part with
        spinal connection
        
        FOREBRAIN
        
        CEREBRAL CORTEX: outer layer
        
        LIMBIC SYSTEM
        
        4 more items...
        
        HEMISPHERES
        
        left & right: control opposite sides of body
        
        LOBES (listed
        from front to back)
        
        Occipital (sight)
        
        Temporal (hearing & LTM)
        
        Parietal (tactile(touch))
        
        Frontal: STM
        
        SPINE (communicates
        with brain (vice versa)
        all the time)
        
        receives and transmits information to and from the brain
        
        extension of the brain
        
        responsible for reflex action
      - FUNCTIONS
        
        passes messages to and from the brain
        
        connects nerves to the peripheral nervous system
  - - - collects processes and responds the information in the environment
      - to coordinate the working of different organs and cells in the body
- - - - treatments enabled patients to manage their disorder
        
        means they would have less time off work due to illness
        
        benefit economy and allow them to be effective members of society
    - - objective measurements are used which are not open to person opinion
        
        increases reliability of research
    - - thus wider cost implications for the NHS if more people are suffering from stress-related cardiovascular disorders
        
        in turn leads to changes in the workplace to reduce stress levels of employees
    - - allows us to act quickly to
        enable survival and reproduction
  - - - high levels of circulating adrenaline have been associated with a build-up of fatty deposits and hardening of the arteries
        
        this increases the risk of coronary heart-disease
        
        high levels of cortisol can suppress the immune system making individuals more vulnerable to infections
    - - human behaviour and cognitive processes are reduced down to biological proceses, specific hormone or neurotransmitter
        
        argued to be too simplisitic as many factors are ignored
    - - much of the research is correlational
        
        can only say that there is a relationship between two variables not that one caused the other
        
        could also be a third, intervening variable that could account for the relationship
- - - - pituitary gland secretes ACTH (hormone)
        
        activating
        adrenal cortex
        
        releases cortisol (hormone) into bloodstream
        
        amount in blood can affect effectiveness of immune system