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Multiculturalism (Multiculturalism Thinkers (Isaiah Berlin, Edward Said,…
Multiculturalism
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Features
Post-Colonialism
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After 1945, attitudes sought to challenge eurocentrism and the cultural hegemony of Western imperial ideas and assumptions; rejected universal pretensions of western liberal ideology.
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Identity Politics
Perceives people in terms of their cultural characteristics and stresses the importance of factors such as language, religion, and ethnicity in shaping personal and social ID
Can go as far as 'particularism: belief that cultural differences between people and societies are more important than what they have in common. Challenges the universalist assumptions of liberalism
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Culture is important in giving people a sense of rootedness, and diverse identities
Def: the pursuit of group interests defined by collective identity and common experience (race, gender, culture)
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Minority Rights
are collective entitlements of representation, self-government, and legal protections often using 'positive' discrimination in education and work.
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They are group rights not individual; They are 'special' rights because they are specific to particular cultural groups and grant ads to those groups not enjoyed by wider society
Controversial because:
- hinder the integration of cultural groups
- Positive discrimination is perceived as unfair and counter-productive
- The right not to be offended - ban on spreading religious/ hatred; conflicts with liberal notions of freedom of expression
- There are inevitable tensions between minority group rights individual rights
Diversity
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Nationalists believe that citizenship should be based on cultural homogeneity; multiculturalists believe the denial of cultural diversity may generate resentment, isolation, and extremism
However
- Risk that encouraging cultural diversity, may weaken people's sense of own culture
- There are fears that it may also undermine social stability or political unity
- Both reasons conservative are generally hostile to multic because they see humans are mentally insecure creatures, who need a sense of common cultural identity
The policies or processes whereby the distinctive identities of the cultural groups within a society are maintained and supported
implies approval of cultural diversity within a society as a catalyst for self-worth, mutual tolerance, social vibrancy and social unity
Multiculturalism
- A descriptive term for racial, ethnic, cultural and linguistic diversities within a society
- Term for positive endorsement of cultural diversity (recognition of rights for diverse groups)
- Government endorsement of cultural diversity: political accommodation for post-immigration minorities
Development
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Increased because of economic globalisation (increasing dependence on integration of national economies, cultures, and policies
Global Terrorism has had increase call for multicultural politics, defience keeping extremism at bay
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