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Nueroimmunology (Transendothelial Migration through the BBB of monocytes…

- - - - Epithelial adhesion,
      - Emigration
      - CChemotaxis
      - Phagocytosis
      - Release of various inflammatory mediators
- - - - All stem cells differentiate from bone marrow
- - - - Neutrophils- phagocytize bacteria
      - Eosinophils-secrete enzymes to kill parasitic worms
      - Basophils -secrete histamine to enhance inflammation
      - Macrophages - big eaters phagocyte just about anything just about anything
        
        Migration of monocytes from the bloodstream across vascular endothelium is required for routine immunological surveillance of tissues and their entry into inflamed sites
      - inform T lymphocytes at a specific antigen is present.
  - - - Helper T cells -produce and secrete cehmicals which promotes large numbers of effects and memory cells
      - Cytoxic T cells -T lymphocytes that eliminate infected body cells an tumor cells
      - B cells-2 population:1 produce antibodies (secrete them in the blood or position them on their cell surfaces), the 2nd one are memory cells
- - - - Astrocytes
        
        Brain function
        -Brain Development
        -Brain Structure and Cohesion
        -Brain Plasticity
        -Extracellular homeostasis
        -Neuronal Transmission
        
        Astrocytes are essential for the cohesion of the BBB though the formation of tight junction
        
        Under physiological condition the BBB is relatively impermeable
        
        Pathologic conditions, a number of chemical mediators are released that increase BBB permeability (importance for astrocytes activation)
      - Oligodendrocytes
    - - Microglial cells infiltrating macrophages and astrocytes
        
        Thought that microglial were derived from the neuroectoderm similar to other glial cells, but they are derived from mesodermal origin similar to immunological cells.
        
        Resting Microglia migrate into the CNS during embryological development.
        
        Can be derived from circulating blood monocytes which later migrate into the CNS later in life.
        
        Main resident immunological cell the CNS
      - Both Residential microglia and blood-derived macrophages markers (cD68, CD14,CD11) and class II major histocompatibility antigens and therefore can also become antigen presenting cells (APC) for lymphocytes.
      - Microglial cells are activated in infectious diseases, degenerative diseases and other types of CNS injuries. They also become phagocytic and develop into macrophages.
      - Interaction with Astrocytes - the interaction with astrocytes is if signals from the periphery reach the astrocytes it will call upon microglia through MCP1 recruitment for the macrophages to tgo to the astrocytes.
      - Microglia- Inflammation it can be a genesis phase , may have damaging or protective function.
      - MIrogliala Pathology -stained using an antibody to CD68 which a is a macrophage marker which also is present on microglia. Found in amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease.
- - - - Microglia to use to make a weapon, qunolic acid tries to detroy the plaque, but it insteads binds to the plaque and becomes more toxic killing all the astrocytes around the nuerons.
      - Triptophatime uses microglia to create quinic acid
  - - - Activated microglia in quinolic acids
      - Qinolic levels correlated with the total scores on suicidal intent scales.
        
        Ketamine binds to the NDMA receptors where quinolic acids binds