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sosc1980 final (psychology of work (stages of career develop (exploration…

- - - - self fulfillment:find a goal to satisfy urself
      - self-worth(e.g become teachers/nurse to nuture next generation）
      - self-identity: define self base occupation
      - social values of work
        
        ffds can support u in work places
      - work ethic
      - social roles(ur contribute in society)
  - - - deceleration substage(65-70)
        
        decline activity
        
        planning for retirement
      - retirement 71+
        
        cessation (stop) of vocational activity
    - - continue the choosen occupation
        
        decline further career advancement/ mobility
        
        retain career status > improve
    - - tentative substage(15-17)
        
        More realistic
        occupation: needs, interests, values, capacities, and opportunities
      - transition substage(18-21)
        
        realistic/ more concrete to achieve
      - trial substage(22-24)
        
        make initial vocational commitment
        
        enter first job
        
        develop skills to transit into work, e.g cope with job hassle/get along with coworkers/ accept responsibility
    - - change unsatisfied job
        
        identify the gratifying job (higher commitment)
        
        stable work
    - - focus on like/dislike
        
        fantasy
        
        little practical consider
        
        glamour professions
  - - - way to spend money
        
        save/use money in suitable ways-> better sense of money value
        improve relationship with parents
      - job type
        
        need skills -> enhance self esteem
        dun need skills/ repetitive -> low self esteem (more stressful)
      - working hours
  - - - flourish:
        personal orientation patchwork envier
        -> satisfied/ achievement/ stability
        
        social
        
        e.g teachers social worker, nurse
        
        enterprising
        
        leader, like to make decisions, be extraverted /assertive
        e.g politician, manager,attorney(lawyer)
        
        artistic
        
        imagine, expressive, independent
        e.g sculptor/ actor/ designer/ musician/ author
        
        investigative
        
        solve maths/sci pbs
        e.g biologist/ computer programmer/ /professor /siecientics
        
        realistic
        
        physical tasks/mechanical(no social)/work by own
        e.g pilot /enginner
        
        conventional
        
        follow order/ systematic/ having clerk & maths skills.g clerk,typist,banker,accountant
  - - - absent/ tardiness/ job turnover/
        sad/ dissatisfy job/ suicide
    - - individual
        
        pt job experience
        / gather relevant info
      - organizational
        intervention
        
        socialization: informal & unstructured
        
        orientation training
        : formal & structured
        
        deliever necessary skills before going into their job
  - - - individual
        
        overload
        
        hk 49.6 hr/week
        
        60% unpaid overtime
        
        50%work late to evening
        
        government: shorter working hrs
      - group
        
        poor relationship
        
        sexual harassment
      - organizational stressor
        
        racism/ sexism/ too much or little structure
      - physical envior
        
        light/ noise/ pollute
    - - psy demands vs decision control
        
        most stressful: high demand low control
        ideal: high control low demands
    - - mental/physical exhaustion:
        high stress in long time
        
        emotional/ depersonalization/
        lack of personal accomplishment
        (nothing u can contribute to company)
- - - - adoption of values to live
      - Sexual orientation
        (attract ppl from diff sex/ same sex)
      - occupation
    - - Erik
        
        stage:identity vs role confusion
        age:adolescence(child -> adult)
        
        the timing of indentity crisis, erik after
        adolescence, cannot identity who u are
      - Marcia-> commitment &crisis)
        (identify urself)
        -> happen throughout lifespan
        
        Identity Foreclosure
        (high commitment but low crisis)
        
        let ppl help them to make decision themselves,
        e.g parent wan u to be a doctor,
        u simply obey ur parents, dun jusge ur parents/decisions
        
        parent overly involved with children
        
        obey authority/ dependent
        /rely other to solve problems for them
        
        Identity Achievement
        (both high)
        
        mature & social competent
        
        parents are supportive
        -> give u free more identity achievement
        
        high self esteem
        
        performance under pressure
        
        commit a stable belief
        
        Identity Moratorium
        (low commiment, high identity crisis)
        
        Parents are inconsistent and ambivalent
        ->parents sometime allow u make own decision/ sometimes cannot,so cunfused, worry consequence of their own decison(if not right the decision)
        /anxious
        
        Identity Diffusion
        (low commitment & low crisis)
        
        dun care their identity crisis. who u are/career job?
        they dun mind, espically, in young ppl
        
        permissive or rejecting parents
  - - - you believe you should have
    - - you believe you actually possess
    - - high discrepancies-> low self esteem
        
        more likely
        -> distrust others
        ->worry about rejection by others
        
        stress have -ve performance
        low self esteem-> -ve expectation->low effort/ high anxiety
        -> failure-> self blame->low self esteem (vicious cycle)
        
        emotional problems
        
        self discrepancy
        actual vs ideal -> depression
        actual vs ought -> anxiety-related disorder
      - low dicer-> high self esteem
        
        confident/
        taking credit for success
        eager to see venues-> demonstrate skills
        
        confident ur ability-> tend to seek challenge
        -> ability to contribute to their success
        
        if too high self-esteem: inflated and unrealistic
        ->narcisstic自戀的
        
        preoccupied with fantasies of success
        -> react aggressively when provoked -ve evaluation
        
        e.g when u go to resturant-> give u VIP(too narcissistic)
        
        (Bushman & Baumeister)
        study found that narcissism-> more agressive
  - - - role schema
        
        how ppl are expected to behave in certain role
        
        e.g ss should work hard
      - schema affect how we behave and interpret ppl # #
      - gender schema
        
        men is strong/fearless/aggressive,
        if men not strong-> other see them -ve way
        +ve help us to be more social/ give support
    - - ability to get in touch of own emotion
      - emotional self-regulation
      - emotional expression
      - male are expected to stoicism,
        emotional self: male < female
        when man are sad, dun cry and cannot express emotion
        -> not good in long term to get in touch of own emotion
    - - psychological sense of one’s physical being
        (can be diff from actual physical self, u think u are fat, but u are thin actually)
        
        condition and strength
        
        a u energetic? tired?
        
        sports competence(skill)
        
        appearance
        
        some can change,e.g personal growth,cosmetic surgery(outlook)
        some can't change(permanent), e.g tall-> only can adjust them
    - - higher-> greater ability and better performance
        higher-> put more effort and time, less likely to give up the difficulties, so get higher grade/performance finally
    - - Social Comparison Theory
        
        individuals compare with others
        aim
        
        access their abilities
        
        references group
        
        a gauge to make social comparisons
        
        choose reference group strategically
        e.g ss compare ur grade with classmates instead of parents
        
        social comparison
        
        upward
        
        ppl compare someone who are better them
        
        self improvement
        
        downward
        
        ppl compare someone who are worse than them
        
        feel better
      - Feedback from others only for significant others
        
        shape self-concept
        
        filter feedback that are conflict to own self-concept
        when feedback are conflict to self concept-> filter/selectively forget/consider as exceptional comment
        
        (An illustration of bias)
        inconsistet our self consept-> we will filter/distore this
        and only have consistent thing left
      - cultural values
        
        individualism(Independent)
        
        define them in unique from others, want to standout/ to be different
        putting personal goals > group goals
        e.g US/ American culture
        
        when individualism, ur taller than other most classmate
        
        collectivism(Interdependent)
        
        group more important than being unique
        putting group goals > personal goals
        e..g Chinese/ Indian
        
        inextricably connected & harmonious relationships with others
        
        e.g fullfilling ur parents instead of ur own dream
        /who u are? u are hkust ss
        
        choosing pen study
        (3 orange pen and 1 green pen
        
        American choose green
        Indian choose orange
        
        independent <-> interdependent
        personal <-> social
        egotism <-> conformity
        express self <-> restrain self
        internal attribute <-> social harmony
  - - - favor information that consistent to their existing beliefs
        & stable self concept
      - Biased search for information
        
        selectively to look for consistent feedback
        e.g ppl in +ve select ppl +ve feedback, vice versa
      - Biased interpretation of information
        
        tend to interpret information that consistent
        
        Participants says that studies supporting their pre-existing view of death penalty as superior
      - Biased memory
        
        remember information that consistent
        
        ppl are shy but later increasing outgoing personality,
        ->misremember your memory, and recall they always are outgoing
    - - maintain positive feelings about oneself & evaluate
        more positive light than they really merit
        
        better than average effect
        
        hold flattering views &
        think they are better than the average
        
        e.g Estimation of test scores
      - illusion of control
        
        ppl are overestimate their ability to control events
        
        own “lucky” numbers on lottery tickets
      - Unrealistic optimism
        
        future prospect: find higher salaries job, but no -ve events
        
        likelihood of divorce, in US 100%think dun divorce,
        but actually 50% are divorced
        
        effect
        
        increase vulnerable(no precaution)
        e.g contraceptive use
        
        downward comparison
        
        compare with ppl who worse than u
        
        increases in positive mood and self-esteem
        
        ur exam is below mean, u may compare
        someone who are lower score them u, and
        then feel ur not bad
      - self serving bias
        
        successes due to personal factors
        fail due to situation factors
        e.g,
        if success, we think the grand
        if fail, we complain others
        
        except: Japan
        success: situation
        fail: personal attributes
      - basking in reflected glory
        
        improve themselves image by associate themselves with successful ppl
      - cutting off reflected failure
        
        disconnect the failure ppl
      - self handicapping
        
        sabotage one’s performance -> provide an excuse to be fail
- - - - +ve:
        
        greater sex activity
        
        higher sex satisfaction
        
        fewer sex pbs
    - - Absolutism(sex before/outside marriage is forbidden)
        
        Relativism(depends nature)
        
        Hedonism(if sex is enjoyable-> acceptable)
      - men have sex X6 > women
        relativism > absolu/hedo
        if hedo-> open sex, divorce is justifiable
      - gender specific:
        sexual double standard
        
        men have more sexual freedom/ premarital sex
        
        men: more sexual partners/experience, men -> +ve image
        women -> -ve image
      - gender specific
        
        many culture: sexual fidelity(sex only for partner)
        but Alaska’s Aleutian Islands,offer his wife to a houseguest
        
        female genital mutilation -> chastity until marriage
        but may unsanitary and without anesthesia-> medical problems/death
    - - high level of androgen/testosterone-> high sex desire
        estrogen no related to sex interest
    - - Abstinence-plus program
      - Comprehensive program(effective)
        
        deter teens having sex
        
        increase used of contraception
      - Abstinence-only program(ineffective)
    - - cannot sex before marriage
        
        but teens sex with non pledging pp.
        
        less use contraception
        
        guilty after sex
    - - TV shows
        
        movies (teens watch sexual movie increase sexual behaviors, topic related to sex risk is rare -> wrong sex concept and think no risk in sex)
        
        music(listen music with sex lyric-> more likely having sex, e.g rap and rap-rock music)
        
        internet (online sexual activity: 20-30% ppl, women>men)
  - - - vasoconestic
        
        engorgement of genital
        blood vessels of blood
        
        men: penile/ testes/earlobes/ scrotum
        women:clitoris/vagina/uterus/nipples/breast/earlobes
      - myotonia
        
        muscle tension
        
        face grimace/hand&feet spasms
      - respiration/heart rate/blood pressure increase
    - - increase excitement phase
    - - sexual arousal reaches its peak:
        muscular contraction & intense pleasure
        -> men: semen; women: fluid
        -> men > women have orgasm, and half of women faked an orgasm
        women: manual&oral stimulate > sexual intercourse
    - - gradually return to pre-aroused state
        men :enter refractory period
        (no longer to experience sex &only one
        organsm happen at one time for male)
        women: multi organsm
  - - - decline:
        
        growing familiar with sex pattern
        
        fatigue from work
        
        childrearing
      - sex infidelity :
        
        open marriage
        
        agree each
        to have sex with others
        
        swinging
        
        bioth agree to exchange partners
        
        factor:
        dissatisfact relationship
        /anger to partner/boredom/higher no of prior sex partner/yonger
        
        non-commited relationship
        
        hooking up: ONS(78% college ss at least once)
        men> women , and women often regretted
        
        friends-with-committed
        
        only fds but having sex
        
        more hedo/hook up
- - - - diff culture -> diff gender definition
        
        e.g The Musuo Culture (matriarchy)
        women donminate society
      - tradition female gender role
        
        social
        
        Housewife and mother(less likely to talk)
        / feminine: nurse,teachers,sales,clerks
        
        personality
        
        affective(emotional)
        
        communal(relationship oriented)
        
        Physical attributes
        
        slim /hour-glass shape /small waist-to-hip ratio
      - tradition male role
        
        personality
        (instrumental & agentic)
        
        achievement-oriented), be a leader, good career
        
        dominant/ independent &self reliant/
        Stoic(hide emotion sad but dun cry) /Fearless
        
        roles
        
        successful & career men
        e.g Lawyers, pilots, managers, Leaders
        
        appearance
        
        e.g Macho physical appearance
        
        tall/muscular/strong/hairy
    - - e.g female study in university Nowadays
    - - real man should avoid to be feminine
    - - +ve: get social support and acceptance
        -ve: gain stress
      - Inter-role conflict
        
        2 role are conflict
        e.g women: worker and mother
      - Intra-role conflict
        
        diff expect in same role
        
        men is successful worker
        one side: solve bps by self
        one side: work with others
      - Masculine Gender Role Strain (MGRS)
        
        Pressure to succeed
        
        low self esteem
        / sacrifice relationships
        (dun have family time)
        
        Suppression of emotion
        
        less likely seek help/ substance abuse(e.g drink alcohol)
        dun express emotional suitablely/Lower capacity for intimacy
      - Feminine Gender Role Strain
        
        Underestimation of abilities
        
        Work discrimination
        
        access
        
        hiring decisions related to sex
        
        treatment
        
        glass ceiling
        
        Barriers to advancement:
        women less likely to get higher position
        comparing to male (invisible)
        
        glass escalator
        
        men to be promoted quickly
        (even in feminine field)
        
        1 more item...
        
        differential standard
        
        female has high requirement in same job
        & less favorable evaluation in male fields
        
        pay disparity
        
        Women are paid at a lower rate than male counterparts
        
        Ability-achievement gap
        
        in reality, female have good ability,
        but they have lower expectation -> greater gap
        
        Lower career aspirations (set lower career goals)
        
        Juggling multiple roles
        
        “Double shift'' in dual-earner families
        day time shift in workplace, night time shift at home
        -> so female are more stressful
    - - femininity & masculinity
        both high: Androgynous
        (tend to deal with stress effectively
        female seek social help)
        both low: Undifferentiated
        (unclear about their gender identity
        -> children/ young adolescents
        -> adult: underline physco health problems)
      - Learning Theories
        (nurture experi shape gender identity )
        
        Social Cognitive Theory
        
        Observational learning / modeling
        e.g all people are muscular-> u will be muscular
        
        imitation when reinforced,favorable,similar to ppl
        
        Operant Conditioning Theory
        
        reinforcement
        (+ve result-> more likely occur)
        
        punishment
        (-ve result-> less likely occur)
        
        acquisition of gender-role behave
        
        gender appropriate behaviors
        are rewarded,vice verse
        e.g -ve boys play dolls,their parents will take the dolls away
        e.g +ve males are strong and self reliance,they will be more popular
        
        severe punishment to boys
        with cross-sex behavior
        
        Gender-Role Socialization
        
        diff ppl/object model gender identity behavior
        parents-> treat boys&girls diff
        results: boys are independent,physical aggressive,rough-and-tumble play,
        play larger gp,like competition&conflict,confer status,
        dominant,successful,leaders
        women is a sex object to men
        girls are expressive ,more ruminate -ve events,but boys distract it,play in smaller gp, min conflict, want cooperation, disclosure, subordinate to man, appearance > performance
      - Object-Relations Theory
        
        Mother as the primary caregiver
        • Both boys and girls attached mother
        
        girls -> greater desire to be parents
        Mother as the role model
        boys -> individuating to mother,not feminine,but muscularing
      - Biological Theory
        
        genes
        
        the Bruce/Brenda case
        
        original is boy
        surgery accident-> pinus burn off
        raise as girl 7 years old, but afetr he aware
        he is a boy-> interested his brother toys
        -> fail the experiment
        gender identity -> genes play a more important role
        
        Hormones
        (produce endocrine sys)
        
        androgens(Male more)
        
        aggressive
        
        estrogen(female more)
        
        CAH(congenital
        adrenal hyperplasia)
        
        many androgens in prenatal,
        -> look like male
        
        more masculine in feelings,
        preferences, and behaviors
        
        both have androgens and estrogens
        (develop diff sex characteristics)
      - Psychosexual Theory
        
        phallic stage(3-6yrs old)
        
        girls
        
        The Electra Complex
        
        Penis Envy
        
        boys
        
        Castration anxiety
        
        The Oedipus Complex
        (sexsual fantasy toward mother)
      - Electicism
        (Multiple Theoretical Approaches)
        
        gender dysphoria
        (physical gender =/= sense gender)
        
        estrogen femininize male
        testosterone masculinize female
        
        observational learning
        : lack same sex playmate during early socialization
        
        operant conditioning
        : reinforce cross gender behavior
        
        treatment: sex reassignment surgery
        
        live in oppo sex role for 1-2yrs
        
        stable psychologically, financially, and socially
        3.administer Hormones -> 2ed sex characteristics
- - - - facial expression
      - body language
        
        frequent touch -> nervous
        
        Leaning back -> relaxed
        
        leaning towards u -> +ve
        
        angld away form u / crossed-> -ve
        
        touch downwards: box can touch u-> increase compliance rated
        
        diff gender diff purpose of touching,
        
        women: closeness/ intimacy; men: control/ power
        
        female-female pair > male-male pairs( may be homosex-> -ve)
        
        same gender is diff to cross gender interaction
    - - proxemic: the personal space where felt belong to person
      - if invasion-> discomfort and try to restore privacy zone