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Blood Circulation & Transporation (Importance of Circulatory System…
Blood Circulation & Transporation
Importance of Circulatory System
The transport of oxygen and nutrient
transport body heat and transmit force
transport waste to be excreted via lungs or kidneys
Gaseous exchange and nutrient-for-waste exchange take place in capillaries
Importance of circulation
Provide rapid mass transport water over distance where oxygen is insufficient or slow
Invertebrates
Do not have CS but gastrovascular cavity
Have open CS or,
have a closed CS
Open CS
,
arthropod, mollusc
Haemolymph
i. mixture of blood & tissue fluid that flows into body cavity and is copper-based
Close CS
,
annelids
Blood
i. contained within bloof vessel and iron-based haemoglobin
Vertebrates
All have CLOSE CS
Single loop or,
Double loop
i. 2 atria & 1 ventricle
ii. 2 atria & 2 ventricles
Invertebrates with Gastrovascular Cavity
Cnidarians
Cell exposed to water and can independently exchange gases, nutrient uptake and excrete waste
Flatworm
Has trilobed GC that branches throughout flattened body cell
Open CS in Invertebrates
Haemolymph pumped into tissue space via vessel and drains back to heart
Contraction of heart creates -ve pressure and draws blood from heamocoel into heart via ostia
Slow delivery of oxygen and nutrient but sufficient
Not suitable for large animals
Insects depend on tracheal respiratory system
Grasshopper
has colourless blood
Doesn't depend on Open CS
Trachea opento outside and take oxygen directly to muscles
Close CS in Invertebrates
Blood is pumped into capillaries for exchange of tissue fluid from small vein into dorsal vein that returns blood to heart
Has rhythmic pulsatile movement
Has fast circulation and blood retaining vessels to reach all area
Close CS in All Vertebrates
- Systemic circuit
heart pumps blood to body tissue
- Pulmonary circuit
Heart pumps blood to lungs
Birds, mammal and some reptiles
2 atria 2 ventricles
PC and SC are separated
Right ventricle pumps into PC
Left ventricle pumps into SC
Fish
Amphibian and most Reptiles
2 atria 1 ventricle
ventricle pumps blood to both circulatory circuits
Both oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood enter ventricle but is separated
Heart
Mammalians' heart - 4 chambers
Closed CS -
cardiovascular system
consist of heart and blood vessel
Septum - divides heart into left & right with 2 chambers each ( atrias & ventricles )
Heart valves
Atrioventricular valves
between atria & ventricles
Semilunar valves
between ventricles & attached vessels
Blood -> right atriov valves -> pulmonary semilunar valves -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary arteries take it up to the lungs
- Pulmonary vein brings O2- rich blood back to left atrium
Blood -> left atriov valve -> left ventricle pumps -> aortic semilunar valve -> aorta -> tissue
Heart murmur
Due to leakage of atrioventricular valve allowing blood flow back into atria after its closed
Rhythmic Heartbeat
each heartbeat - cardiac cycle consist of :
i. atria contracts
ii. ventricle contracts
iii. all chambers rest
systole - contraction
diastole - relaxation
Pulse - wave effect passed down arterial vessel following systole
Rhythmic contraction due to
cardiac conduction system
Sinoatrial ( SA )
- node initiate heartbeat & called
cardiac pacem
Electrocardiogram ( ECG )
- record electrical changes in cardiac cycle
Blood vessel
Arteries
carry blood away from heart to capillaries
have thick walls & elastic tissue
can accomodate sudden increase in blood volume
branches into smaller arterioles
Capillaries
allows the exchange of materials with tissues
very narrow with thin walls made of single layer of epithelium with basement membrane
Thin walls to facilitate capillary exchange
Vein
return blood from capillaries to heart
Venules drains blood from capillaries
Often have valves to prevent backflow of blood
Circulatory Circuit
Pulmonary Circuit
O2- poor blood is collected in right atrium and passed into right ventricle to be pump into pulmonary trunk then lung
Blood passes through pulmonary capillaries and gaseous exchange occur
O2- rich blook returns to left atrium via pulmonary veins
Systemic Circuit
Major vessel :
Vena cava & aorta
Blood pumped into left ventricle -> aorta -> organ -> vein -> vena cava -> right atrium
Portal system
begin & ends at capillaries
Hepatic portal syst takes blood from intestines to liver
Blood Pressure
Systolic pressure
Blood being forced into arteries during ventricular systole
Diastolic pressure
Pressure in arteries during ventricular diastole
As blood flows from aorta into various arteries, pressure falls
Blood pressure is low in vein and depending on
i. Skeletal muscle contraction
ii. Valves of vein
iii. Respiratory movement
Cardiovascular Disease
Hypertension
Occurs due to plaque protrudes into lumen of vessel and interferes blood flow
Stroke
Occurs due to small cranial arteriole bursting or embolus blockage
Heart attack
Conorary artery completely blocked causing heart muscle to die due to lack of oxygen
Blood
Function
transport nutrient from digestive tract to tissue, to & from storage organ
transport of metabolites for metabolic specialisation
transport excretory products from tissue to excretory organ, from organ of synthesis
transport gases between respiratory organ & tissue
transport of hormone
transport of cells of non-respiratory functions
transfer of heat
transmission of force
Blood stem cell
Stem cell capable of specializing into many type of cells however adult stem cells have limited capability.
Adult stem cell richest in red bone marrow and used to treat white blood cell disorder
Type of blood cell
White blood cell
fight infection
Lymphocytes
fight infections
B cells
produce antibodies
Neutrophils
T cells
attack cells infected with virus
Monocytes
act as phagocytes
Eosinophils
combats multicellular parasites and mediates allergy response
Basophils
prevent blood from clotting too quickly with heparin, parasitic & allergy responses
Red blood cell
transport oxygen using haemoglobin
ABO System
A , B, AB, O
RH System & Erythroblastosis Fetalis
RH factor - antigen matching in blood type
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Mother with Rh -ve & father with Rh +ve and fetus possibly with Rh +ve
Opposite Rh of child may leak out of placenta causing mother to produce Rh-ve antibodies that may destroy fetus with opposite Rh in the next pregnancy
Blood disorder
eg: Hemophilia - clotting disorder, recessive sex-linked , X chromosome disorder
Lymphatic System
vessel found in all tissues except central neural system, bone marrow and tissues without blood vessels
Function
Immunological Defense
Fluid balance
Fat absorption & transportation
Lympoid Organs
Primary
- production and selection of lymphocyte
Bone Marrow
Thymus
Secondary
Site of lymphocyte activation by antigen
Lymphoid follicles in tonsils
Peyer's patches
Lymph node
Spleen
Skin
Disorder
Lymphedema
Elephantiasis