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Urbanisation: The process of urban growth (Environmental Hazards in Urban…
Urbanisation: The process of urban growth
Rates of Urban Population
The rates of urban population has been increasing mainly in LEDC's
Why (push and pull factors)
Pull
More jobs
Better healthcare
Better sanitations
Push
Unemployment
Bad healthcare
Risk of natural hazards
However, in some areas urban growth is increasing
Urban Sprawl
limited amount of land therefore there is an increasing pressure to build on the urban rural fringe
More space and close to the city centre
Environmental Hazards in Urban areas
growing demand in transport means more vehicle emissions
increasing demand for energy means more power stations need to be built or more fossil fuels need to be burnt therefore more air pollution
More waste made therefore more pollution which can leak in to water systems
more space required therefore there will be less green spaces
Managing movement in urban areas
Manchester Metrolink
runs on electricity therefore no pollution and more efficient
Very frequent and reliable
linked to major bus routes
carried about 20 million people in 2007
Trams run every 6 minutes
55,000-90,000 people use it each day
Bus Rapid Transport System - Curitiba
dedicated bus lanes which stops them from being delayed
Faster, cheaper and less stress
1.3 million people use it
30 million fewer car trips
Congestion Charge - London
need to be paid in areas that get extremely congested
have to pay £11.50
highly successful at reducing number of cars in the city centre
promotes the use of public transport
Deprivation
where a person's quality of life falls below a level that is regarded as the acceptable minimum by the government of a country
Features in a deprived area
Quality of local schools, housing quality, access to healthcare, life expectancy and crime rates
levels of pollution, amount of green spaces and amount of vandalism
level of income, unemployment rate
Urban redevelopment and Regeneration
Salford Quays:
Redevelopment project
Used to be a fish port but industries broke down and the area became derelict and people often had a poor quality of life
Improvements
Green Spaces:
This provides a clean space for people to socialise
Lowry Outlet Mall:
Provides leisure activities meaning people can spend more time with relatives and also attracts tourists into the area which will provide income.
Media City:
Construction provided 1500 jobs for locals. This also meant that people can achieve better qualifications and well paid jobs
Challenges due to Urban Growth (LEDC's)
Sewage on streets therefore more spread of disease
more vehicles therefore more carbon dioxide emissions
Shortage of good quality housing
Opportunities due to Urban Growth
Better quality of life in general for the poorest people
High employment oppertunities
access to cleaner water, sanitation, education and healthcare
Responding to Challenges
Non government organisations
provide clean water and sanitation
Filling open sewers
Education about hygiene
self help schemes
government provide better quality materials to improve slums
Site and service
COHAB in Curitiba, Brazil
locals can spend 1 hour with a architect to improve settlements
Demolition or Bull dozing
Destroying shanty towns as they are illegal settlements but not all are demolished
New houses are built which are meant to be more affordable for poor people
Improving urban environments
Curitiba, Brazil (Environmental management strategies)
pedestrianized streets
50,000 homes provided
integrated bus systems
development of green urban space
a green exchange, where rubbish is exchanged for food or money
Rio De Janeiro
An urban area that contains a lot of favelas (slums) due to being overcrowded. People come to seek for a better life but end up in slums instead.
poor healthcare more spread of disease and death rates increase
poor sanitation and facilities therefore poor quality of life
lack of resources such as electricity and clean water
Chongqing
over reliant on coal therefore produces a lot of air pollution which mixed with fog to create photochemical smog which caused breathing problems like asthma and bronchitis
Sustainable Cities
Greenhouse project, Leeds
Rain water channelled in tanks
Low carbon technology to generate energy
use water from underground at a temperature of 12 Degree Celsius so that it can be heated and cooled very easily
Have excellent insulation
Solar panel to heat water
Dongtang, China
use rice waste to provide electricity (65%)
Wind turbines and solar power provide about 35% of the city's energy. This leaves a low carbon footprint
Treated sewage is used as a firtiliser
Organic farming means that they produce their own food, therefore, do not need to rely on other places. This means less food miles and less vehicle emissions
green spaces provide a clean area for people to socialise. This will create a sense of community