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Cell Based Therapy (Cells as Drugs (Immune Cells (T Cells), Dendritic…
Cell Based Therapy
Cells as Drugs
Dendritic Cells
Immune Cells
T Cells
Retinal Epithelial Cells (RPE)
Bone Marrow Transplantation
Insulin Producing Islet Cells
Stem Cells
Challenges
No Terminal Sterilization
Limited Shelf Life
Small Lot Size
Limited starting material availability
Patient-to-Patient Variability & Cellular Heterogeneity
Stem Cells
Categories
Embryonic
Donated excess IVF embryos
Cell Transformation
Cell Differentiation Types
Neural Cells
Spinal Cord Injury
Cardiomyocytes
Heart Failure
Islets
Diabetes
Dendritic Cells
Immunotherapy
Osteoblasts
Osteoporosis & Bone Fractures
Chondrocytes
Osteoarthritis
Hepatocytes
ADME Drug Testing
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells
Age Macular Degeneration
Process
Day 0: Egg
Day 1: Fertilised Egg
Day 2: 2-Cell
Day 3: 8-Cell
Day 6: Blastocyst
Induced Pluripotent (IPS)
Reprogramming adult cells towards embryonic state
Grow indefinitely in culture in undifferentiated state
Similar properties to Embryonic SS
Differentiation to diff tissue types
Pluripotent
Process
Extract donor tissue cells => Induce Gene Expression Change => IPS Cells => Cell Differentiation => Diff tissue types
Adult/Tissue
Isolated from fatal & Cord Blood
Most body tissues for repair/replacement
Hard to isolate
Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Immunodulatory Properties
Suppress prolifération & production of interferon-y
Suppress CD4+ & CD8+ T Cells Cytotoxicity
Pros
Transformable
Responsive to enviro
Responsive to engineering
Cell Splitting
Self-Renewal
Identical Copy
Self-Differentiation
Forms other cell types
Delivery Methods
Bioscaffolds
Protective
Highly Modifiable
Topical/Spray
Non-Protective
Injection
Harsh Delivery
Non-Protective
Systemic
Non-Protective
Poor Localization
Reasons
Dynamic
Multiple Cell Types & Mechanisms
Curative/Permanent Therapeutic Outcome
Repair
Replace
Regenerate
Adoptive Cell Transfer (Fig 58)
Blood Cancer Patients who fail chemo & bone marrow transplantation
Chimeric Antigen Receptors (CARs) inserted to T-Cells
Allows T Cells to recognise antigen on tumor cells
Cell-Based Therapeutics vs Biologics/Small Molecules-Based Therapeutics (Fig 57)