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Environmental Factors and Foetal Programming (Barker & Osmond…
Environmental Factors and Foetal Programming
Barker & Osmond
Identified FP
CVD and maternal diet
Triggered the interest in FP
1986
Diet
Leptin and Ghrelin can influence HPG-axis
Maternal Undernutrition
Sheep model
reduced foetal ovarian mass; delayed germ cell maturation'; delayed meiosis onset; altered follicular dynamics
Gunn et al. 2012
Delayed puberty onset; reduced Sertoli number; small seminiferous tubules
Rat model
increased basal gonadotrophins; increased sensitivity to GnRH; reproductive senescence at younger age
Maternal Overnutrition
20% of females in Scotland obese; important to understand FP effects
Can cause IUGR: mother monopolises nutrients
delayed puberty onset in males; lower number of PFs; reduced testosterone
Rat models
delayed puberty in M+F; irregular estrous cycle; adverse programming of neuroendocrine system
Co-Twin
Blastocyst Potential
JIVET study
Kelly et al.
FFTP advantageous to reproduction; causes epigenetic mechanism
Compared single, twin and triplet births
2-fold increase in blastocyst potential when FFTP
Testosterone Transfer Hypothesis
van de Beek, 2004
T transfer; thought by maternal circulation (did serum level tests) but actually transfer through membranes
cause changes in HPO-A that is inhibitory to FSH/LH
Lower PF reserve
Weight + Fertility
Casellas and Caja
FMTP- ewes >600g lighter than FFTP-ewes
FMTP- lower offspring count throughout life
Stress
Cortisol; corticosterone; HPA-axis
interaction of HPA and HPG axes potentially influences reproductive function
Administration of betamethasone to rats and pregnant ewes
males
Reduced; testes size, spermatogenesis, steroidogenesis, interstitial tissue, seminiferous tubules
females
reduced PF pool, delayed vaginal opening
Sexual behaviour diminished in offspring after light invoking stress (Holson et al. 1995)
Exact mechanisms unknown
University of Nottingham
reproductive neuroendocrine system reduced by prenatal stress
decreased basal T, E, LH and decrease in dopamine response to females estrous cycles
SPASE
Normal Function
Female
PF reserve pool
Granulosa - FSH + Inhibin
Theca - LH + oestrogen
Cyclical
Male
Leydig - LH + Testosterone
Sertoli - FSH + Inhibin
Continuous spermatogenesis