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Nanoparticles (Types (Fig 36) (Polymers (Drug Conjugates (Fig 42) …

- - - - Amphiliphilic Copolymer
      - Pendant Drugs Polymer
      - Lipids
    - - Polymeric Drug
      - Polymer-Protein Conjugate
      - Polyplex: Polymer-DNA Complex
      - Polymer-Drug Conjugate
        
        Short Half-Life
        
        Increase by PEGylation of Interferon
      - Polymeric Micelle
  - - - GF
        
        Seed Size
        
        Surfactant Tails Length
    - - "Zipping" formation
      - Step 1: Symmetry Breaking in FCC Metals
        
        Nucleation
        
        Growth
        
        Facet Development
      - Step 2: Preferential Surfactant Binding to Specific Crystal Faces
        
        Bind CTAB to AU face
        
        Continual Growth until reagents finished
      - CTAB+ Bilayer: Stabilise nanorods (Fig 40)
- - - - 3 Steps
        
        Step 1: Rapid increase in free monomers conc in solution
        
        Step 2: Monomer undergoes burst nucleation => Reduce free monomer conc in solution
        
        Step 3: Ostwald Ripening (Nucleation growth under diffusion of monomers through solution)
    - - Crystal Growth over small particles
        
        High Solubility
        
        Redissolves to form larger particles
        
        Surface Energy of small particles within solution
      - Growth Mechanism
        
        Solubility Change of NP dependent on size
    - - Crystal Growth over larger particles
      - Opp OR
  - - - Spherical
    - - Intraparticle Growth
        
        Particle Shape change with time
        
        Occurs
        
        Monomer energy within solution < crystal facets of NP energy
        
        No net mass loss
        
        Instability
        
        Surface Energy of different facets of particles
- - - - Extrude from hepatic sinusoid
    - - RES
    - - Glomerular Filtration
  - - - Immunoglobulin
      - Compliment Proteins
    - - PEG Coating
- - - - Surface Ligand
      - Cytotoxic payload released into targeted cancer cell => Cell Death
        (Fig 44)
      - Receptors
        
        G-Protein Coupled Receptor Superfamily (GPCR)
        
        Role
        
        Involve in signalling & physio processes
        
        Types
        
        Bombesin
        
        Somatostatin
        
        Endothelin
        
        Integrin
        
        Role
        
        Bind ECM/Adhesion Receptors on neighbouring cells
        
        Folate
        
        Role
        
        Cell Proliferation
        
        Transferin
        
        Role
        
        Regulate iron uptake into cells for proliferation
        
        EGF
        
        Role
        
        Activate cellular tyrosine kinase (TK) & phosphorylation of C-tail
        
        FGF
        
        Role
        
        Proliferation, Angiogenesis, Drug Resistance
        
        Sigma
        
        Role
        
        Inhibit Proliferation
        
        Induce Apoptosis
        
        Erceptin (HER-2)
        
        Role
        
        Stop signalling cell growth
        
        RGD-Peptides (Arg-Gly-Asp Motif)
        
        Role
        
        Inhibit binding cells to ECM
        
        Initiate Apoptosis
      - PEGylation
        
        Purpose
        
        Improve Drug Solubility
        
        Hydrophilicity
        
        Reduce Dosage Frequency
        
        Extend Drug Circulating Time
        
        Increase Drug Stability
        
        Extend Patent Life
        
        Inhibit proteolytic degradation
        
        New delivery & dosage methods
    - - Size
      - Enhanced Permeation & Retention Effect (EPR)
      - Degradable Polymer