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Education (Problems for girls (Skelton (2007) - pupils are drawn to what…

- - - - Housing
        
        Smith & Noble ( 1995) - poverty and home circumstances can be 'barriers to learning'
        
        Douglas (1964) - overcrowding and insufficient space can make studying hard, no where to do work and disturbed sleep, and cause illness.
      - Diet & health
        
        Howard ( 2001) - children have lower intakes of energy, vitamins and minerals, and poor nutrition leads to illness and absences from school.
        
        Wilkinson (1996) - high rate of hyperactivity and anxiety disorders
      - The costs of education
        
        Tanner et al (2003) - cost of educational items places heavy burdens on families. Children have to make do with hand-me-downs and infashionable items leading to isolation. Need part-time jobs which can hinder their school work
        
        Callender & Jackson (2005) - working class saw the cost as a deterrent to go to university, increasing fee's to £9,000
      - Catchment area
        
        High teacher turnover and extreme disciplines that effect learning
        
        If catchment area is deprived often social problems leading to poor role models
        
        Schools often rely on parent funding so wont be able to raise much
    - - Bourdieu (1984)
        
        Economic capital
        
        Educational and social capital
        
        Cultural capital
        
        Each social class has a 'habitus' (culture) which is developed through socialisation and the habitus of the middle-class matches the habitus of the education system.
    - - Bernstein (1975) - Language codes
        
        Restricted code - working class
        
        Elaborated - Middle class
      - Douglas (1964) - Parents education
        
        Longitudinal study of 5,500 children between 10-16, completed IQ test, then divided into social class groups
        
        Working class parents visit schools less often to discuss progress
        
        Educated parents more able to assist their children
      - Sugarman (1970) - Working class subculture
        
        Deferred gratification - middle class
        
        Different goals and attitudes
        
        Lack of parental interest in their childs education reflects the subcultural values of the working class
        
        Immediate gratification - working class
  - - - Ball (1981) - lower steam students are 'cooled down' and high streams 'warmed up'
      - Keadie (1971) - lower stream students not given access to the knowledge required for success
      - Gillbourn & Youdell (2000) - educational triage, the walking wounded, hopeless cases, chance of suvival
    - - Lacey (1970)
        
        Differentiation - process of teachers categorising students based on ability
        
        Polarisation - process of students repsonding to streaming, e.g. pro-school subculture and anti-school subculture
      - The working-class and anti-school subculture
        
        Hargreaves (1967) - 'triple failure', failed 11+, in lower streams, and labelled as failures
        
        Willis (1977) - learning to labour
- - - - Cline (2002) - racism is common amongst schools pupils
      - Wright (1992) - teachers still have ethnic-based stereotypes
      - Sewell (1998) - the rebels, the conformists, the innovators and the retreatists.
      - Gillbourn & Youdell (2000) - teachers still have negative stereotypes
    - - Social selection
        
        Minorities fail to get into better schools
      - Ethnocentric curriculum
        
        Curriculum reflects white British culture
        
        Coard (1971) - inferior image and low self-esteem of minority pupils
      - Access to opportunities
        
        The Wantless Report (2007) - black pupils more likely to be in bottom sets and less likely to be seen as 'gifted and talented'
        
        Strand (2012) - less likely to be entered into higher tier sets
      - Teaching
        
        Only 3 black people were accepted for post-graduate teacher training courses last year'.
        
        17.2% of black African applicants were accepted, and 46.7% of white applicants were accepted.
  - - - Palmer (2012)
        
        Almost hald of all ethnic minoriy children live in low income families
        
        3 x more likely to be eligible for free school meals
        
        2 x more likely to be unemployed
    - - Language
        
        18% in primary school and 13% in secondary school did not have english as their first langauge
        
        Bereiter & Engelmann (1966) - 'communicating by gesture'
      - Family life
        
        Single parent families
    - - Mason (2000) - 'discrimination is a continuing persistent feature of the experience of Britains citizens of minority ethnic origin.'
      - Hall (1976) - creates hostility towards schooling and the low paid work they are are being prepared for; a 'culture of resistance develops'.
- - - - Contraception (1967) - women can control their bodies
      - Decrease in nuclear = decrease in expressive role
      - Increase in women become breadwinner = better role models for younger generation of girls
      - Willmott and Young - symmetrical family
      - More wealthy = less material deprivation
      - Increase in lone parents = girls can be independent
    - - Equal Pay Act (1970)
      - Breakdown of traditional gender roles
      - Paid maternity leave
      - More opportunities for women
      - Breaking through the glass ceiling
      - More service sector jobs and fewer manual jobs has created a 'crisis of masculinity'
    - - Sharpe (1970-90) - changing priorities of women
      - Wilkinson (1994) - 'genderquake'
      - McRobbie (2008) - women now expect to gain a degree which will lead to a career
    - - Different gender stereotypes
      - Parents spend more time reading to daughters
      - 'Bedroom culture' of girls, boys relax by 'doing'.
  - - - Feminist movement - 50s and 60s
      - Policy makers are aware of gender issues
      - UK has Queen, female Prime Minister, and many female MPs
      - GIST
      - National Curriculum (1998) - girls and boys study the same subjects
    - - Gerard (2005) - gender gap increased after the introduction of GCSEs bringing more coursework
      - Mitsos & Browne (1998) - girls better at coursework , more organised and time consciouss
      - Weiner (1995) - since 1980s teachers have challenged gender stereotypes
    - - Increase in female teachers and heads
      - Increase from 50% - 71% of primary teachers being female in 20 years.
    - - Francis (2001) - boys get more attention, yet are disciplined more as girls are seen as cooperative and boys disruptive
      - Willis - the 'lads' are more likely to form an anti-school subculture as school work is seen as 'un-matcho'