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Unit #6 (Ethics (Personal autonomy (Beliefs, Values), Next of kin (Makes…
Unit #6
Ethics
Integrity of body
Personal autonomy
Beliefs
Values
Suffering
Meaning of life and death
Bioethics
Issues in health care
Conflict between the principle
Prolongs life
Next of kin
Makes the last decision
Must be informed of patients wishes
Implied or presumed consent
Legal Matters
Explicit consent is needed
16 years
Youngest that can consent
Is asked to be a organ donor
Consent writing
Consent spoken
2 witnesses
Did not consent
Next of kin can decide
Death
Two physicians must confirm
Brain-dead must be confirmed
Cannot sell organs
Specific organs do need to be donated
Eyes
Donation Process
Coordinated Team
Transplant Specialist
Hospital Staff
Organ Donator
Organ Donator's Family
Organ Donation Begins
Awareness
Criteria
No age limit
Brain-Dead
Died in hospital
No tattoos in the past year
No piercings in the past year
Popular Organs to Donate
Heart
Lungs
Liver
Pancreas
Small Intestine
Corneas
Skin
Bones
Less than 5% are organ donors
Receiving Organs
Most have a good bill of health
No smoking
No drinking
Societal Matters
Expenses
New medical procedures
New technology
Organ transplantation
Transplant Procedure
Heart ($62, 302)
Kidney ($34, 361)
Liver ($86, 357)
Lung ($83, 024)
Pancreas ($75, 660)
Cost of Kidneys
Dialysis ($50, 000/year)
Transplant ($6,000/year)
Ventricle assistance
$126, 000/ per year
How much is a life worth?
How long will you live
Is there other options
Transplant make their life longer
Anatomy and Immunology
First organ donation (20th century)
Rejection was discovered after WWII
White blood cells attack for objects
Drugs that allows new organs
6- Mercaptopurine
Steroids
Immunosuppressive
1980's
New preventative rejection frug (cyclosporine)
Andavances in organ donation
80-90% effective
Innovation
Living Donors
Kidney transplant
Liver transplant
Still living before and after
Artificial Device
Bridging device (liver)
Functions until organ is available
Returns to normal function
LVAD
Helps heart, if failing
Xenotransplant
Tissues from animals
Organs from animals
Immunological barriers
Anti-rejection drugs
Stem cells
Being replaced
Grow in special conditions
Anti- rejection drugs
Transplant Process
Liver transplant
Liver responsible for many things
Liver can be damaged
Diseases
Failing to support life
Matter of days/ years
85-90% success
Kidney Transplant
Kidneys filter
Dietary changes can improve life
Dialysis before transplant
Must be healthy kidney
Many relatives donate kidneys
90-95% success
Tissue and Other Organs
Lung transplant
Failed lungs
Emphysema
Small Bowel transplant
Cannot absorb nutrients
Tissue transplant
Corneas
Bones
Skin
Heart Transplant
No longer sustain life
Hardening of arteries
May develop coronary artery disease
80% success
Eligibility and Quality of Life
Selection
Tests to confirm needed
No inappropriate transplantation
Cannot have cancer
Cannot have kidney diseases
Cannot have lung disease
Must be able to survive
Listings for candidates
Ranked due to severity
Computerized listing
Compatible blood type
Compatible size organs
Time been on list
Recovery of Life
Success rate 80-95%
Hospitalized for 1-4 weeks
Full recovery: few months
Anti-rejection drugs are needed
Active, healthy lives