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Living Sociology (revisited) (Family (Definition (Family of orientation:…
Living Sociology (revisited)
Inquiry
Sociological imagination
How individuals are linked to public issues
Combats false consciousness
Theory
Functionalist
Society:
interdependent parts in a complex system, each with functions
Social consensus
Mechanical/Organic solidarity
Similar/Varying beliefs and values
Function
Manifest
Recognised/Intended
Latent
Unintended
Social dysfunction
Undesirable consequences
Conflict
Society: conflict/competition among groups for scarce resources
Capitalist and proletariat
Exploited class will revolt and revolution transforms society
Economic system determines society's values, beliefs and nature of structure (family/education/government)
Social Action
Society: product of everyday interactions of individuals
Social/
Symbolic interaction
Dramaturgical view
Impression management
Role performance
Post-modern
Neglected by classical perspectives, disintegration of modern culture, questions disciplinary boundaries
Feminism
Issue on women's subordination and gender relations
Method
Independent/Dependent variable
Cause change/changed by
Qualitative/Quantitative
Subjective/Numerical data
Epistemology
Nature/Origins of knowledge
Positivism
Apply like natural science
Humanism
Human activity/meaning attached to actions
By
Experiment
Cause-and-effect in controlled condition
Test for hypothesis, accept or reject
Eg. Milgram exxperiment
Survey
Random sample
Stratified random sample
Non-random sample
Convenience sample
Quota sample
Snowball sample
Secondary data analysis
Observation/Ethnography
Participant/Non-participant observation
Ethics
Structure
Status
Ascribed
Assigned at birth (age/sex/race)
Achieved
Through effort (occupation/wife/mother)
Master
Dominates other statuses/Determines position
Role
Role set
Role strain
Distressed from contradiction
Role conflict
Roles to be fulfilled at odds
Group
Primary: small/frequent (family)
Secondary: large, with task/goal (association)
Organisation
Rational system (formal, deliberate/purposeful)
Bureaucracy
Power attached to office position
Webber's Ideal
Division of labour
/expertise: efficiency/competency
Hierarchy of authority
: order
Impersonality
/Written rules and regulations: impartial/inequitable
Full-time salaried officers: loyalty/experience
Problem
Webber: dehumanising/humans as cogs in machine
Marx: capitalist mode of production/deskilling/alienation
Merton: preoccupation with rules/ritualism/inefficiency
Michaels: oligarchy/concentrates power to few/threatens political democracy
Mcdonaldization
Efficiency:
economies of scale
Calculability/Uniformity: production and process
Control through automation: deskilling
Natural system (participants wtith multiple interests)
Open system (independent links in coalitions)
Culture and Socialisation
Culture
Material/Non-material: tangible/intangible
Learned/Shared: belief/value/behaviour/object
Symbol, language, value/belief, norms and material culture
Diversity
High culture (distinguish elites)
Popular culture (widespread)
Subculture (distinguish some segments)
Counterculture (oppose accepted culture)
Multiculturalism (promotes equality of all)
Global
Hybridisation (fusion)
Change: invention/discovery/diffusion
Diversity
Ethnocentrism
(judging own as superior)
Cultural relativism
(objectivity/not compared to own)
Socialisation
Primary/Secondary/Tertiary: family when young/school/through life
Identity
Personal/Social: uniqueness/public self
Agents of socialisation: family/peer/school/media
Symbolic interactionism: social interaction with language/symbol
Family
Definition
Family of orientation: born/adopted into
Family of procreation: marry into/produce offspring
Family of choice: homosexual/partner's relative
Nuclear family: husband, wife and children
Extended family: includes other members of parent's family
Social institution
Obligations: roles through actions of individuals
Social needs: childrearing/companionship/emotional support/food/shelter/economic resources
Perspective
Functionalist
Nuclear family for industrial society
Division of family task/social order: male-instrumental/female-expressive
Functions: sexual regulation/reproductive/socialisation/protective/economic
Conflict
Promotes capitalist values (wealth concentration) and reproduction of social inequality (class structure)
Nuclear family emerged as wealth passed through male: women are economically dependent in marriage
Feminist
Nuclear family: patriarchal power, ensuring continued dominance
Unequal division of labour: domestic labour/low status/unpaid/household duties
Change
Economic slowdown, declining "family values" and increasing employment of women
Gender stratification
Distribution of privilege/prestige/power
Women concentrated in low-paying/routine jobs, earn less and more misrepresented in media
Inequality
Social stratification
Social Change
Globalisation
Economic
Technology/transport/communications speed up global circulation of commodities
International division of labour: presence/power of transnational corporations (TNCs) but concentrated among advanced industrial nations
Economic/Social inequalities between developed/under-developed nations: use cheap raw materials/labour from the periphery (low-income nations) and as large markets for products, dependency of poorer nations on richer ones
Political
Domestic management: liberalise trade/social policies for market-driven approach
Re-organisation/Internationalisation of state capacities
Cultural
Interaction between cultures (dynamics/consequences)
Differences eroded by Westernised cultural symbol/image/practice
Hybridisation/Creolisation: mixing cultural forms/shared understanding and global cosmopolitanism
Homogeneity: global village (sharing of cultural values), glocalization (process of local communities responding differently to global changes), international governance (UN/WHO), network society, awareness of world as a whole (environmental concerns)
Consumerism
Consumption becoming more important than production
Symbolic value of goods
Sign value becoming more important than actual material properties, (confers status/prestige on user)
Cultural homogenisation
Profit-making interests (mass-produced Westernised products), disintegrates of local/national cultures and loss of authenticity (replaced with cheapened/superficial/homogeneous culture)
McDonaldization: conform social life (efficiency/calculability/predictability/control)
Differentiation/Resistance response: reverse cultural flow (transpose traditions into compatible forms like Bollywood, sustain Indigenous cultures and popularity in traditional/regional food)