shield volcanoes formed in depressions as a result of weak crust, magma can push through the surface. composite volcanoes found on raised areas (Horsts) as a result of folding, faults form in the thicker crust, magma pushes to the surface but faces obstruction:high pressure more explosive, pyroclastic flows, steep cone shape. risk of seismic activity, rift is 35 million years old and is still growing meaning that eventually east Africa including the horn of Africa: ethiopia, somalia and eritrea will break away