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Signaling and Locomotion (Nervous System (Neuron Structure (Dendrites …

- - - - Brain
        
        Hemispheres
        
        Left Hemisphere
        (controls right side of body)
        
        Right Hemisphere
        (controls left side of body)
        
        Parts
        
        Midbrain
        (vision, hearing, alertness)
        
        Hindbrain
        (breathing, circulation, digestion, balance)
        
        Forebrain
        (voluntary movement, speech, memory, learning, emotions, homeostasis)
      - Spinal Cord
    - - Motor Division
        
        Somatic
        (Voluntary)
        
        Autonomic
        (Involuntary)
        
        Sympathetic
        (Fight or Flight)
        
        Parasympathetic
        (Rest and Digest)
      - Sensory Division
  - - - maintained by Na/K pump
        interior negative relative to exterior
        higher concentration of Na+ ions on the outside
        higher concentration of K+ ions on the inside
    - - Stimulus:
        some Na channels open
        some Na+ ions flow in
      - Threshold and Depolarization (if stimulus is sufficiently strong):
        more Na channels open
        a lot of Na + ions flow in
        interior becomes positive relative to exterior
      - Repolarization:
        Na channels close
        K channels open
        a lot of K+ ions flow out
        interior becomes negative relative to exterior
      - Refractory Period:
        Na/K returns concentrations of Na+ and K+ ions back to resting state
        (3 Na+ ions pumped out for every 2 K+ ions pumped in)
      - Signal Propagation:
        next part of axon stimulated to undergo action potential
        electrical impulse travels down length of axon
    - - Action potential arrives at synaptic terminal of sending neuron
      - Neurotransmitters released by sending neuron into synaptic cleft
      - Neurotransmitters bind to receptors in dendrites of receiving neuron
      - Receptors either stimulated or inhibited
        Ion channels may open to stimulate action potential in receiving neuron
      - Neurotransmitters broken down and released
- - - - Joint structure
        
        Ligament
        (connects bones to each other)
        
        Tendon
        (connects muscles to bones)
        
        Joint cavity
        (contains lubricating fluid)
        
        Muscle
        (provides power to move/articulate bones)
        
        Articular Cartilage
        (provides smooth, cushioned surface at the ends of bones)
    - - When there is no signal, a protein complex blocks the binding sites on the thin filaments
      - When signal reaches muscle, Ca2+ ions are released from ER and bind to protein complex, which undergoes conformational change that exposes the binding sites on the thin filaments
    - - Sliding Filament Model
        (shortening of sacromere as thin filaments
        slide in-between and overlap with thick filaments)
        
        Myosin heads bind to actin (thin filament)
        
        Myosin heads on thick filament bind ATP
        
        Myosin heads rotate to pull thin filament toward the center of the sacromere
        
        Hydrolysis of ATP energizes myosin heads