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Reasoning (deductive reasoning (Theories of deductive reasoning (Abstract…
Reasoning
deductive reasoning
Conditional reasoning - reasoning based on
conditional
statements (if A then B)
B is true if A is true, is be in false B can be true or false
If it is raining, Fred's hair gets wet (Marcus and Rips, 1979)
98% correct valid (If A then B)
52% valid (If not B, then not A)
33% invalid (If B, then A)
21% invalid (If not A, not B)
Theories of deductive reasoning
Abstract-rule theory (Braine , 1978) people reason logically but make mistakes:
If they misinterpret the task. If reasoning is too demanding on WM. hence example 4 people get it wrong because they interpret first premise as ‘if Fred’s hair gets wet then it has been raining’
Mental Model theory (Johnson-Laird, 1999) people use everyday comprehension processes on reasoning problems
create mental representations of information, requiring examining and creating alternative models. people focus on what they are told is true (rather than false) to reduce mental load
Dual systems approach (Evans, 2003): reasoning involves 2 systems
one system is fast, automatic and based on prior knowledge and heuristics. other is slow, deliberate and abstract based on logic
Probablistic approach (Oaksford & Charter, 2001)
using probability rather than logic on deductive reasoning tasks
Wason selection task
IS WHEN CONCLUSIONS ARE DRAWN FROM SEVERAL STATEMENTS AND ASSUMED TO BE TRUE
Inductive reasoning
Wason inductive reasoning
real life reasoning
IS USING HYPOTHESIS TESTING TO DRAW CONCLUSIONS NOT JUST RELYING OF INFO PROVIDED
Do Humans reason rationally