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JOSEF STALIN (Policies (social (COMPULSORY SCHOOLING (NOT JOSEPH)…

- - - - increased rights of women
      - women having equal rights => legalisation of abortion and divorce
      - childcare centres built so women could leave their children there and go to work
      - however abortion was made illegal again in 1936
        
        including the fact that childcare centres were poorly maintained, women may decide not to work and stay home to take care of their children instead
        
        balancing their duties as employees and motherhood increased the stress on women
    - - increased literacy rates
      - before revolution 40% of males of ages 9-40 and 13% of women were able to read. this increased to 94% and 65% respectively during Stalin's rule
      - however, education was loaded with propaganda
      - schools and universities emphasised technical subjects that help meet national industralisation targets
      - impacts: increased standard of workforce and literacy rates: indoctrination
  - - - PURPOSE: 1. Produce equipment for the mechanization of farming
        
        Wages, working hours and quotas for producing such goods were fixed by the state
        
        Five year plans
        
        Second Five-Year Plan (1933-1938)
        
        decline in rate of growth as focus was shifted from meeting production targets to ensuring better planning and coordination
        
        Factories were also approaching optimal capacity, so there was little room for growth
        
        after 1937, the S.U. generally witnessed an economic slowdown as industries such as oil and steel stopped growing
        
        more and more people moved into cities which were already facing housing shortage
        
        -since land was owned by the state, people could not build houses or apartments
        
        -many lived in unsanitary and cramped conditions, without running water
        
        A good communications system to transport goods, raw materials, and labour force was developed through roads, railways, and canals
        
        First Five-Year Plan (1928-1932)
        
        poor coordination and planning
        
        some parts of economy faced underproduction due to shortage of materials, while others had overproduction as factories tried to exceed their targets--leading to much wastage
        
        products often substandard and potentially hazardous due to trying to meet production figures as priority
        
        main focus of expanding industry, transport and the power supply
        
        Third Five-Year Plan (1939-1941)
        
        first to allow 'luxuries' such as bicycles and radios
        
        disrupted by the outbreak of World War II
        
        Placed emphasis on t he development of heavy industries such as coal, iron, steel, and electricity
      - Catch up with the West such as Britain and France in terms of industrialisation due to the threat they posed
      - Ensure a strong armament industry so Russia could defend herself
      - IMPACT
        
        positive
        
        more jobs
        
        increase in industrial goods such as iron, steel and oil
        
        USSR became an industrial base for powerful arms industry in 1941
        
        negative
        
        quality of products often substandard
        
        fall in standard of living
        
        quality of products often substandard and potentially hazardous
        
        much wastage due to overproduction
        
        loss of workers' rights
        
        lesser consumer goods
    - - PURPOSE: 1. Increase food supply for Russians
        
        All land became owned by the state, but from1935 private plots of land were allowed--produced 50-70% of marketable vegetables, fruit, milk and meat
        
        Wages, working hours, and amount of crops to produce were fixed by state
        
        Crops distributed by state
        
        farmers who failed to meet production targets or did not turn up for work were punished
        
        Shock workers (model workers and farmers) were used to force peasants to join the collective farms instead of helping the kulaks
      - Export crops to other nations to increase funds for industrialisation
      - Make farming more efficient by allowing use of machinery, therefore allowing farmers to become factory workers in aid of industrialisation
      - OUTCOME
        
        Great Famine (1932-1934)
        
        Grain harvest fell from 74.5 million tonnes in 1928 to only 57 million tonnes in 1936 and did not recover until 1940
        
        Many peasants destroyed or hid their own crops so that the state would not be able to take them. However, in anger, Stalin eliminated the kulaks and seized their property and livestock
        
        Loss of animal population did not recover until after World War II
        
        The state managed to collect the necessary amount of grain to sell to raise fund for industrialisation (this grain was still sold during Ukraine's Great Famine)
        
        Manpower for new factories was found as they left the countryside and headed to the city
      - IMPACTS
        
        mechanisation allowed farmers to work as factory workers for industrialisation
        
        kulaks killed their own livestock and hid their crops to prevent the from being taken by the state, causing them to be punished by death or sent to gulags as punishment
        
        loss of animal population
        
        loss of lives during the great famine of 1932-1933
  - - - PURPOSE: Consolidate Stalin's power & enforce party discipline
        
        Arrests and interrogations
        
        Widespread police surveillance
        
        Show Trials
        
        1938 March: TRIAL OF THE TWENTY-ONE
        
        21 individuals, including Bukharin (ex non-voting member of the 1922 11th Politburo member) and Rykov (member of Politburo, supporter of Bukharin) were put on trial for supposedly conspiring to assassinate Lenin and subsequently Stalin, as well as successfully killing Russian writer Maxim Gorky in 1936. All of them found guilty and executed #
        
        1937 June: TRIAL OF THE GENERALS AND THE TUKHCHEVSKY AFFAIR
        
        Secret trial of a group of military generals including Mikhail Tukhachevsky (hero of Civil War). All were executed and this triggered a massive purge of the Red Army #
        
        1936 Aug19-24: TRIAL OF THE SIXTEEN
        
        Kamenev and Zinoviev accused of conspiring to kill Stalin and other members of the Soviet government. They were then sentenced to death with 14 other people #
        
        Executions
      - impact
        
        loss of military leadership, lowering USSR defense
        
        loss of political rights
    - - Attack intellectuals, privileged class, religious leaders, and artists so as to move the Soviet Union towards a more proletarian society with proletarian values (discredit/degrade his enemies)
      - To build up Stalin's profile as rightful successor to Lenin (create cult of personality)
        
        HOW?
        For example, teenagers were encouraged to join the Komsomol (Communist Union of Youth), which took them on outdoor activities and indoctrinated them to be loyal to Stalin and the Communist Party #