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Behaviour (Living in groups (Sensory adaptations (Colour: cone cells…
Behaviour
Factors that drive it
Influenced by evolutionary adaptation to a biological niche, genetic tendencies, developmental environment, learning + experience, current situation
Driven by motivation, internal + external factors
Living in groups
Benefits
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Anti-predator: dilution, detection + defence
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Dominance hierarchy, conferred by sub-ordinate, based on familiarity 'hen pecking order' or status badges 'male sparrows black bibs'
Group size is self regulating -too much competition then subordinate leave, too small group then dominates allow subordinates access to resources/breeding
Sensory adaptations
Colour: cone cells detect wavelengths, mammals have 2 types, birds 4, fish 0
Brightness: detected by rod cells, lizards + snakes have 0 so can't see in the dark, tapetum amplifies light in nocturnal animals, cats have slit pupils for fine control of light entering the eye
Visual signs used: attributes such as antler size, postures, facial expressions, movements
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Specialist prey detection: 'eaves dropping', sonar
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Olfaction: territory marking with urine/faeces, glandular secretions by cats rubbing for individual recognition, pheromones from vomeronasal organ in horses
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Natural learning
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Exploratory behaviour: too much=anxiety, too little=boredom
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Social learning: more influence from Mother + those of higher rank, hard to prove if it's passed on
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Types of learning
Associative learning
Classical conditioning of Pavlov's Dogs: Unconditioned stimulus replaced by conditioned stimulus for conditioned response
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Latent inhibition occurs if the conditioning stimulus is familiar before when it was irrevelant-makes the process harder
Operative conditioning: Association between a discriminative stimulus (biscuit), an operant behavioural response (begging/not) and the outcome of reward/punishment
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Influenced by values of reward, consistent reinforcement, no conflict with natural behaviour, motivation + satiation (relevance of cue)
Extinction (not forgetting)->generalisation->response to similar cues->discrimination->response to single correct cue
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Behaviour=adaptive actions expressed at a whole animal level in response to internal + external information the animal has integrated