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Al (2) (Properties (Physical (Reflectance & Emissivity (Raise…
Al (2)
Properties
Light
Strong
Corrosion Resistant
Durable
Formability
Conductivity
Finish ability
Recyclable
Physical
Atomic Structure
13
Crystal Structure
FCC
Molten Crystalline Solid
Density
Light
Density inverse ~ Temp
Alloying does no effect
High Electrical Conductivity & Resistivity
Alloying lowers
Non-Magnetic Property
Slightly Paramagnetic
Magnetic Permeability > 1
Magnetic Susceptibility
Temp
High Thermal Conductivity
Alloying lowers
Reflectance & Emissivity
Opp of each other
Good Reflector, Poor Emitter (Own Energy)
Al Foil: Reflective Insulating Medium
Raise Emissivity
Heat Exchanges
Anodic Coating Treatments
Raise Reflectivity
Vaporise Al in vacuum & recondense on glass surfaces
Corrosion Resistance
Al2O3
Strong
Anodising
Thermal Expansion
Factors
Constituents
Si & Cu
Decrease
Mg
Increase
MP
Factors
Alloying
Inversely ~
Purity Level
~
High Specific & Latent Heats
Low Heat Capacity
Mechanical
Tensile Strength
Varies
Strength/Weight Ratio
High Tensile
High Strength
Proof Stress
Mild Steel
Elastic => Yield Point => Plastic => Fracture Failure
Most Cases
No clear elastic limit
Defined by 0.2% strain
Proof Strength
Ultimate Stress
Elastic
Bend Stiffness
Same everywhere
Poison Ratio
v = 0.33
Stiffness: Modulus of Elasticity x Modulus of Inertia
Young's Modulus
Elastic Region
Torsional Modulus/Modulus of Elasticity
Elongation
Non-Uniform
Largest @ Fracture
Ductility
Factor
Temp
Opp relationship
Expression
% of original gauge length of test specimen
Application
Superplastic Alloy
Elongation x2 when stretched @ high temp
Compression
Compressive Proof Stress
Lower
Stretching
Bearing
Criteria for designing bolted/riveted structures
Bearing Yield Stress
Pressure exerted by pin on round hole that cause deformation
1.8 x UTS
Shear
Range
Low Medium => High Strength
Wrought Alloys
USS: UTS = 0.5 => 0.75
Hardness
Resistant to surface indentation
Type
Brinell
Vickers
Modification
Hard Anodising
Improve Surface Hardness
Improve Wear Resistance
Ductility
Test
Simple Bend
Creep
Design Structure
Safety Allowance
Factors
Time
Deformation Amount
Operating Temp
Creep Rupture
Step 1: Stress continually increasing with accompanying strains
Step 2: Stress continually maintained with continuously increasing strains
Step 3: High Stress => Failure
Temperature
Elevated
Relationships
Temp inversely ~ Elastic Modulus
Temp inversely ~ Strength
Cold Work
Non-Elevated
Relationships
Temp inversely ~ Strength
Elongation inversely ~ Temp
All Strengths increases
Elastic Modulus increases
Impact Strength
Low Elastic Modulus
Fracture
Fracture Toughness
Strengthening Mechanisms
Purpose
Impeded Dislocation Motion
Types
Work Hardening
Work
Rolling
Drawing
Extruding
Bending
Work Type
Cold
Non Heat Treatable Alloys
Hot
Heat Treatable Alloys
Purpose
Cold Work
Increase strength by preventing dislocation motion
Dispersion Hardening
Interstitial uniformly distributed in crystal lattice
Process
Mixing of Al + Interstitial and compacting together into 1 mass
Solid Solution Hardening
Purpose
Distort base -metal lattice
Prevent dislocation motion
Strengthen Al
Process
SSH + WH/Heat Treatment
Types
Substitutional
Interstitial
Precipitation Hardening
Applications
Heat Treatable Alloys
2 Stage Heat Treatment
Step 1: Supersaturation by Solution Heat Treatment
Step 2: Ageing Process
Tempering
Non-Heat Treatable Alloys
Process
Annealing => Cold Work
6 Tempers
Heat Treatable Alloys
Process
Heat Treatment
Mechanical Properties Changes
Purpose
Increase Strength
Alloy Systems
Digit System
4 Digit : Wrought Alloy (4W)
Types
Al-Cu
Al-Mn
Al-Si
Al-Mg
Al-Mg-Si
Al-Zn-Mg/Al-Zn-Mg-Cu
Others
Categories
Numbering
1 XXX Group
Criteria: Min Al Purity 99%
Last 2 Digits: Min Al%
E.G. 1070 => 99.70% Al
Modifications (2nd Digit)
Impurity /Alloying Elements
Pure
1 more item...
Alloying Elements
1 more item...
2 XXX- 8XXX Groups
Last 2 Digits
Identify alloys
2nd Digit
Modifications
Impunity/Alloying Elements
2 more items...
Processing
Rolling
Forging
Extruding
Drawing
Major Alloying Element
1XXX: Unalloyed Al (Pure)
Criteria: >99% Pure
Properties
Soft
Ductile
Annealed Condition
Corrosion Resistant
High Thermal & Electrical Conductivity
Impurities
Fe
Si
Light
Applications
Food & Chemical Industries
Packaging
Vehicle Panels
2XXX: Cu
Modification
Solution Heat Treatment
Properties
Bad Weldability
Low Corrosion Resistance
Requires Anodization
Limited Cold Formability
Applications
Aircraft & Military
3XXX: Mn
Mn Amount: ~1%
Increase Strength
No change ductility
Properties
Greater Strength
Little Corrosion Loss
Applications
Roofing Sheet
Vehicle Paneling
4XXX: Si
Purpose
Lower MP
Applications
Welding Wire
Brazing Filler Alloys
5XXX: Mg
Properties
High Strength
Good Weldability
Corrosion Resistance
Applications
Marine
Ship
Pressure Vessels
6XXX: Mg + Si
Modification
Mg Silicide
Heat Treatable
Properties
Good Strength
Good Formability
Corrosion Resistant
Good Anodising Ability
Applications
Land & Sea Transport
7XXX: Zn-Mg/Zn-Mg-Cu
Modification
Zn-Mg
Heat Treatable
1 more item...
Properties
High Strength
High technology to produce
Hard to make
Applications
Military
8XXX: Other
Heat-Treatable
Yes
No
Full Sequence
EN AW-XXXX
5 Digit : Cast Alloy (5C)
Types
Unalloyed Al
Al Ingots
Al Casting