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Categories - LCA - Service Companies (Junnila 2004 Dissertation: Env.…
Categories - LCA - Service Companies
Junnila 2004
Dissertation: Env. impact of an Office building throughout its LC
Electricity use in the outlets
IDA / WinEtana simulation
HVAC / HVAC Serices
simulations?
Lightning
Relevant regional or Finnish averages for officies
Water and wastewater
Facility Manager's handbook (HUT 1992) or annual consumption data
Heat in ventilation and conduction
IDA / WinEtana simulation
Materials used in internal surfaces
Regional and Finnish averages for offices
Waste
Manual (YTV 1996) or annual waste data
Graedel 1997
Life Stages:
Stage 2: Service Provisioning
Equipment: Comupters, office machines, vechiles etc.
Stage 3b: Facility Operations
Transportation (work time) - trade-offs/deliveries
Facility Energy use
Lightning
HVAC
Office machines and computers
Material entering & Leaving
Food, office supplies, maintenance items
Stage 3a: Performing the Service
Energy use, generation of residues, waste etc.
Stage 4: Site and Service Closure
Stage 1. Site and Service Development
Facility impact
Transportation
Environmental Stress
Solid residues
Liquid residues
Energy use
Gaseous residues
Biodiversity/Materials
Junnila 2004
Env. significance of facilities in service sector companies
Tangible expenses.
Followed back to original invoices --> amount&type of material/energy/service
Materials
Energy
Services with material or energy input
Intangible expenses.
Assumed to not have any env. impact
Wages&Salaries
Socail expenses
software leasing
non-material services
Commuting data --> questionnaire
Primary Data
Mainly on profit loss statement and detailed bookkeeping.
Collected in 2002, based on accounts from 2001
Travel
Businesstravel
Commuting
Equipment
furniture
electronic office equipment
electricity for operating the equipment
Facilities
Operational electricity
Heat
Construction of office building
Waste management
Water & Wastewater
Office supplies
Copy paper & envelopes ecs.
books & papers (magazines, news papers etc)
Secondary Data (from published sources)
Actual material, component and energy procedures in Finland and from different LCA databases
Energy production data
rom energy providers in Finland (Helsingin
Energia, 2000; Ahonen, 2000), complemented by
their up-stream emissions from a Finnish LCA
database for energy (Virtanen et al., 1996).
Water treatment data
from the company
providing water and wastewater services for the
area (Helsingin Vesi, 1999).
Other materials
commercial LCA
databases (Finnish Pulp and Paper Research
Institute, 2003; SimaPro 5.1, 2002; Boustead,
1997)
Transportation data
public LIPASTO database
(Ma¨kela¨, 2002) with an up-stream
complementation from the above-mentioned
commercial databases.
Building materials
environmental declaration of
building materials
Benefits
reduced
emissions) gained by combined heat and power
production (CHP) were allocated to the products
in proportion to the fuel consumption of the
alternative non-CHP production plants
RESULTS
Biggest impact (>10%)
Facilities
Electricity 30-49%
Heating 13-26%
Construction 5-19%
Travel
Commuting 3-24%
Flights 0-38%
Impact 5-10%
Travel
Passanger cars 0-6%
Equipment
PCs, etc. electricity 0-7%
Shrake 2012
LCA as tool for improving service industry sust.
Hybrid LCA
Civil Engineering consulting firm
2 month on-site data collection
Categories
Travel&Transportation
Business and employee travel. Possibly also consumer travel to the the site of services provided.
mileage logs, accounting records, surveys
Equipment
Company vehciles, computers, machines, printers and all other electricity using devices
Accounting records, product invoices
Building Premises
Waste, energy, water
energy audits, waste audits, utility incoives, architectural drawings
Office Supplies
All items used by administrative or support staff: paper products, envelopes, writing utensils
Bookkeeping records, product invoices
Purchased services
E.g. consulting, insurance, legal service, shipping service, equipment rentals, vehicle&building repairs/maintenance
Accounting entries
Junnila 2006
Alt. scenarios for managing the env. performance of a service sector company
Builds on Junnila 2004. Env. significance of facilities in SSC
Tangliable and Intagliable + commuting. Intagliable assumed to not cause any env. impact.
Categories
Office equipment
Office supplies
Business travel
Commuting
Use of the offcie building
Shrake et. al 2012 Application of multi-faceted approach for evaluating and improving the LC env. performance of service industries
Hybrid LCA
engineering service firm (Design firm)
Data collection, 1 fiscal year
Energy audit
Personnel survey
Assesment of waste management practicies
Major contributors
Employee travel and transportation 40% of GWP
Building premises 24 % GWP
Purchased services 24 % of GWP
Equipment and office supplies together 10 %
Reductions
Depth evaluation of certain activities is essential
E.g. Workstation energy consumption
Categories
Travel & Transportation
Billable travel
Survey and accounting records
Commuter travel
Survey and accounting records
Equipment
Office equipment
Purchase orders
Field equipment
Purchase orders
Building premises
Electricity (Specific activities, building systems)
Energy audit
5 employees for 5 weeks
Printers, copy machines, fax, servers, kitchen equipment, electric heaters
Energy consumption (Natural gas)
Utility bills
Waste disposal
Utility bills
Water
Utility bills
Office supplies
Materials and supplies
Purchase orders
Purchased services
Consulting services
Financial records
Additional services
Financial records
