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Cold Environments (Periglacial (Processes and Landforms (Frost Heave…

- - - - Capillary Action
      - Thermal Conductivity
      - Stone Stripes
        
        +6 degrees
      - Patterned Ground
      - Stone Polygons
        
        2 - 6 degrees
        
        Elongated
        
        Freezing and thawing
    - - Lobes
      - Terracettes
        
        a formation of lobes --> step like
    - - Ice Wedges
        
        ground contraction , freeze thaw
      - Ice Wedge Polygons
        
        ice wedges interconnect
    - - solifluction
      - chemical weathering
      - frost shattering
      - nivation hollows
    - - blockfield/felsenmeer
      - talus/scree
      - shattered peaks
    - - Pingos
        
        Open System
        
        East Greenland
        
        Discontinuous Permafrost
        
        Hydraulic Pressure
        
        Talik
        
        Geothermal heat
        
        50 m high and 500m wide
        
        1km long
        
        2 cm per year
        
        Closed System
        
        Continuous Permafrost
        
        Mackenzie
        
        Hydrostatic Pressure
        
        Lake ruptures and drains
        
        Talik
      - Permafrost
        
        Continuous
        
        Sporadic
        
        Discontinuous
        
        isolated
- - - - ice crystals align
      - crystals slide past each other
      - surface ice moves faster
      - creates crevasses
  - - - Erosional
        
        Corries
        
        Aretes
        
        2 corries
        
        Pyramidal peaks
        
        3 corries
        
        Plucking
        
        steep backwall
        
        compressing flow
        
        Abrasion
        
        base
        
        North east
        
        aspect
        
        prevailing winds
        
        less insolation
        
        Nivation
        
        PMP
        
        pressure melting point
        
        rotational flow
        
        occurs in a corrie
        
        Rock lip
        
        Glacial Troughs
        
        Hanging valleys
        
        Truncated spurs
        
        Misfit streams
        
        Roche Moutonee
        
        Ribbon Lake
      - Depositional
        
        Drumlins
        
        lodgement till
        
        up to 1500m long
        
        100m high
        
        Erratics
        
        rocks carried a long way
        
        Till plains
        
        Moraines
        
        Lateral
        
        Medial
        
        Terminal
        
        Recessional
        
        Push
        
        Ground
        
        drift
        
        till
        
        unsorted angular
        
        unstratified
        
        fluvioglacial
        
        sub rounded sorted
        
        stratified
    - - Erosional
        
        Meltwater channels
        
        Proglacial lakes
        
        Overflow channels
      - Depositional
        
        Kames
        
        supraglacial debris
        
        frost shattering
        
        nunataks
        
        Outwash plains
        
        Layered Vertically
        
        Traction, saltation, suspension
        
        Aeolian
        
        loess
        
        ventifacts
        
        sorted and rounded
        
        Braided Streams
        
        meltwater, deposits
        
        Kettles holes
        
        Stratified
        
        Calving
        
        Varves
        
        Seasonal
        
        Eskers
        
        5-20m high
        
        sorted
        
        subrounded
        
        processes
        
        Hydraulic Action
        
        corrosion
        
        Attrition
      - Transportation
        
        Saltation
        
        Suspension
        
        Solution
        
        Debris
        
        Supragacial
        
        Subglacial
        
        Englacial
        
        stratified and subrounded
  - - - firn/ neve
        
        glacial ice
- - - - Rotational flow
      - Basal sliding
        
        friction
        
        lower ice under pressure = melting
        
        meltwater lubricates
        
        more rapid flow
      - Extending flow
        
        valley gradient increases
        
        ice accelerates
        
        thins ice mass
        
        reduced erosion
      - Compressional flow
        
        reduction in gradient
        
        creates rock basins
        
        thickens ice mass
        
        ice decelerates
        
        erosion as maximum
      - Creep
      - Surge
        
        ice behaves like plastic
        
        happens when obstacles met
        
        ice flows
      - regulation slip
        
        creep on smaller scale