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Anatomy nervous system (Cranial nerves (6, Abducent (M (Eye movement…
Anatomy nervous system
Cranial Fossae
Middle
- Optic canal
- Foramen rotundum
- Superior orbital fissure
- Formane ovale
- Formaen spinosum
- Formane lacerum
Posterior
- Foramen magnum
- Internal acoustic meatus
- Jugular foramen
- Hypoglossal canal
Anterior
Cribiform plate
- Sieve like structure, between cranial fossa + nasal cavity. Part of ethmoid and supports olfactory bulb
LEARN ANATOMY OF VERTEBRA
- Spinal nerves exit vertebral column through foramina
Anatomy brain
- Brain and spinal cord = CNS
- 2 cerebral hemispheres separated by longitudinal fissure
- Surface made up of grooves/fissures called sulcus and ridges called gyrus
- Frontal lobe
- Parietal lobe
- Occipital lobe
- Temporal lobe
- Central sulcus
- Pre-central gyrus
- Ascending pathways
- Descending pathways
- Fibres passing in both directions
Further anatomy
- Hemispheres mainly connected by bundle nerve fibres: carpus callosum (and ant + post commissures)
- Thalamus projects nerve fibres all directions to cerebral cortex and interthalamic adhesion
- Corpus callosum (bit above thalamus)
- Ant and Post commissure
Cerebellum
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Inferior
- Cerebellar peduncles
- 4th ventricle
- Tonsil
- FLOCCULO-NODULAR LOBE
Superior
- Primary fissure
- Vermis
- Paravermis
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Spinal cord
- Cylindrical structure, continuous medulla
- Enlargement cervical and lumbosacral region: increased nervous to upper and lower limbs
- Inferior to lumbosacral enlargement, spinal cord tapers off at conus medullaris
- Inferior conus medullaris, spinal cord anchored to coccyx: Fibrous strand tissue: hilum terminalis
- Grey matter and white matter
- Grey matter: numerous cell bodies: longitudinal columns along cord
- White matter: myelinated axon tracts ascend and descend along spinal cord
Spinal nerves
- Make up peripheral nervous system (31)
- 1st cervical nerve emerges between skull and C1: 8 CERVICAL NERVES
- Lumbar and coccygeal nerves travel further from conus meduallaris to exit formaina: Create cauda equine (horse tail)
Pathways
- Connected by posterior and anterior roots
- Posterior root = AFFERENT SENSORY ROOT + carries signals towards CNS cell bodies: clustered in spinal ganglions
- Anterior root = EFFERENT MOTOR ROOT , motor nerve fibres taking signals away from CNS
- Root forms nerve splits into posterior and anterior rami
- Spinal nerve roots form nerve : make up peripheral nervous system (PNS)
- Spinal nerves come together = plexus
- ROOTS, TRUNKS, DIVISIONS, CORDS
Cranial nerves
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7, Facial
B
Taste, facial expression, secretion
5, Trigeminal
B
Sensory to face, innervates muscles mastication
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9, Glossopharyngeal
B
Taste, monitor blood pressure + gases, swallowing and secretion for salivary glands
3, Oculomotor
M
Eye movement, pupil size + lens
10, Vagus
B
Taste, sensory to thoracic and abdominal viscera, movement and secretion (pharynx and larynx)
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Meninges
Arachnoid
- Delicate middle layer, lines dura mater.
- Deep is sub-arachnoid space filled with CSF
Pia
- Inner layer firmly attached surface of brain and spinal cord: Form ligament attach to arachnoid and dura layers (DENTICULATE LIGAMENTS)
Dura
- Tough outer layer, many different reflections within cranial cavity consisting of 2 layers (only one passes through foramen magnum): NOTE COVERING SPINAL NERVES
Ventricles
- Ventricular system: 4 ventricles
- Production + circulation of CSF
- CSF produced choroid plexus in all ventricles
- CSF helps with chemical stability, nutrients + protection
- Ventricular foramen: passage between ventricles
Arterial supply brain
- Ant and post blood supply: 2 pairs of arteries
- 2 pairs connected via posterior communicating artery part of Circle of Willis
- Anterior communicating
- Anterior cerebral
- Middle cerebral
- Posterior cerebral
- Superior cerebral
- Pontine
- Anterior inferior cerebellar
- Posterior inferior cerebellar (PICA)
- Vertebral artery
- Basillar
- Posterior communicating
- Internal carotid
Veins brain
- Superior cerebral
- Rolandic of central sulcus
- Superior anastomotic (trolard)
- Superior cerebral
- Inferior anastomotic
- Inferior cerebral
- Cerebellar
- Temporal cerebral
- Superficial middle cerebral
- Inferior cerebral
Dural venous Sinus
- Superior saigittal sinus
- Inferior saggital sinus
- Great cerebral vein
- Straight sinus
- Confluence of sinuses
- Occiptal sinus
- Transverse sinus
- Internal jugular vein
- Sigmoid sinus
- Cavernous sinus
- Sphenoparietal sinus
Blood brain barrier
- Astrocytes
- Endothelial cells
- Tight junctions
- Blood vessel with blood brain barrier