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LU8: BLOOD CIRCULATION AND TRANSPORTATION (Mammalian cardiovascular system…
LU8: BLOOD CIRCULATION AND TRANSPORTATION
Function of circulatory system
transports oxygen and nutrients, such as glucose and amino acids, to the cells.
picks up wastes and excreted from the body via lungs or kidneys.
Both gas exchange and nutrient-for-waste exchange occur
helps the body to transport heat and transmit force.
Circulatory system in different animals
Invertebrates
Invertebrates with gastrovascular cavity
cnidarians (hydra)
flatworm( cnidarians)
open circulatory system
Heart pumps hemolymph via vessels into tissue spaces
Slow delivery of oxygen and nutrients
eg: Grasshopper
Has colourless blood
Tracheae open to outside and take oxygen directly to flight muscles.
Hemolymph carrying nutrients will be pumped by heart via blood vessels into tissue spaces and eventually drained back to the heart.
Slow circulation; only suitable for smaller size invertebrates.
closed circulatory system
Blood moves into capillaries, for exchanges with tissue fluid.
Blood then moves from small veins into the dorsal blood vessel (a vein).
eg; earthworm
Blood then moves from small veins into the dorsal blood vessel (a vein).
fast circulation
Vertebrates
Two different circulatory pathways in vertebrates:
Single-loop: heart only pumps blood to gills.
Heart has a single atrium and a single ventricle.
eg: fish
Two-circuit
systemic circuit - heart pumps blood to all parts of the body except for the lungs;
pulmonary circuit - heart pumps blood to the lungs.
Two atria.
Single ventricle pumps blood in the pulmonary circuit to the lungs.
Closed circulatory system in All vertebrates
Mammalian cardiovascular system
The mammalian heart has four chambers
Each side has two chambers
All vertebrates have a closed circulatory system, called a cardiovascular system because it consists of a heart (cardio) and a system of blood vessels (vascular)
Heart valves
Atrioventricular valves (i.e. tricuspid & mitral valves)
between the atria and ventricles.
After the blood passes through the right atrioventricular valve (i.e. tricuspid valve), the right ventricle pumps it through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries that take it to the lungs.
Semilunar valves (i.e. aortic & pulmonary valves)- between the ventricles and their attached vessels.
After the blood passes through the left atrioventricular valve (mitral valve), the left ventricle pumps it through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta, which takes it to the tissues
The heartbeat is rhythmic
The average human heart contracts, or beats, about 70 times a minute, or 2.5 billion times in a lifetime.
Each heartbeat, called the cardiac cycle, can be divided into three phases:
The atria contract (while the ventricles relax)
The ventricles contract (while the atria relax)
All chambers rest
Blood vessel structure and its function
Arteries (and arterioles) - carry blood away from the heart to the capillaries
Capillaries - permit exchange of material with tissues
Veins (and venules) - return blood from the capillaries to the heart
Blood pressure
Blood pressure is normally measured on the brachial artery of the upper arm
Systolic pressure results from blood being forced into the arteries during ventricular systole
Diastolic pressure is the pressure in the arteries during ventricular diastole
cardiovascular disease
stroke
heart attack
Blood
functions
transport of metabolites
transport of excretory products from tissues to excretory organs
transport of nutrients from the digestive tract to tissues
transport of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between respiratory organs and tissues
transport of hormones
transport of cells of non-respiratory function
transfer of heat from deeper organs to surface for dissipation
transmission of force
type of blood cells
white blood cells
help fight infections
red blood cells
transport oxygen using hemoglobin
blood disorder
Hemophilia is a well-known, inherited clotting disorder due to the absence of a particular clotting factor, the slightest bump can cause internal bleeding
blood type
AB
A
B
O
lymphatic system
Lymph vessels – found in all tissues EXCEPT the central neural system, bone marrows, and other tissues without blood vessels
Function of lymphatic system
Fluid Balance
Fat absorption and transportation from the digestive system
Immunological defense
lymph nodes
Testing stations
Filtering stations
Create lymphocytes
Primary and secondary lymphoid organs
primary lymphoid organs
thymus
bone marrow
secondary lymphoid organs
lymph nodes
Lymphoid follicles in tonsils, adenoids,
Peyer’s patches, spleen, skin, etc.
lymphatic disorder
Lymphedema
Elephantiasis