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Contemporary Built Environment (CHANDIGARH (Concept of new town Garden…
Contemporary Built Environment
ART NOUVEAU
Antoni Gaudi
Casa Battlo
Dragon scale roof
Bug face wrought iron balcony
irregular lower floor plans
columns dividing spaces
mosaic facade
catenary arched support ceiling vaults
mosaic tower chimneys
Casa Mila
Central courtyard
apartments arranged around courtyard
seamless looking facade
terrace with patios leading up and down
weird face like things on terrace
Sagrada Familia
Still under construction
church
tall spires
columns with turtle base
interior columns branch into leafy flowery ceiling
stained glass windows
vaults
Created type of structure called equilibrated
support itself without internal/external bracing
columns were tilted to employ diagonal thrust
lightweight tile vaults
undulating curves
richly scrambled colors and textures
inclined columns that add stress to ceiling
paraboloid arches
thin edge-butted tile vaults
mosaics
making structural elements appear ornamental
ART DECO
Vertical lines that later transition to horizontal lines
upper levels of buildings setback from vertical to allow sunlight reach sidewalks
different use of materials such as steel, stone, brick etc
geometric ornamentation using circle, zigzags
frequently used motifs were sunbursts, plant and animal life etc
decorative methods: relief sculptures in limestone, painted murals, flat against the wall columns
Eg: Chrysler building in NYC, Empire state building
Features of streamline modern
horizontal orientation
rounded edges, corner windows
glass block
porthole windows
smooth exterior wall surfaces
flat roof with coping
horizontal grooves in walls
subdued colours
Eg: Coca Cola building in L.A
BAUHAUS
German style movement
by Walter Gropius
Flat roofs
Smooth facades
cubic shapes
colours: white, grey, beige, black
open floor plans and functional furniture
favors function over ornamentation
uses asymmetry and regularity
Eg: seagram building and barcelona pavilion by mies van der rohe
The Gropius House
Vernacular of the surround
Facade: common brick and local clapboard with ribbon windows and glass block
BLOBITECTURE
Waveform architecture
character developed through high tech materials
no straight lines/ geometric forms
interiors also organic
glass and metal are main materials
Eg: the bean, chicago
Allianz arena
The geodesic dome structures of the eden project
large scale environment complex near england
by Tim Smit
consists of 2 giant transparent domes made of EFTE cushions
The sage gateshead building
by norman foster
centre for musical education etc
contains 3 performance spaces
BIONIC
following nature instead of conquering nature
relation between whole and portion is blended rather than opposite
value personal emotions
Eg: Gehry's hish dance restaurant
Villa Sunflower near Verona, Italy
Heliotrop House
by Rolf Disch
Test bed for solar systems
house tracks sun so that triple glazed front can face warming sun in winter and show well insulated back in summer
balcony rail is a solar vacuum tube to heat water
photovoltaics on roof rotate independently to track sun making it a plus energy house
prefab building
Geothermal House
by maryann thompson architects
Supplies heat and cooling to entire house working like a traditional heat pump except that energy is taken from the ground
north facing wall insular helps capture warmth and keeps out the cold, while south facing walls open up to let in sn and warmth
all rooms have cross ventilation while letting light in on two sides
CHANDIGARH
Concept of new town
Garden city
India's first experiment on urban planning and modern architecture
planned by Le Corbusier
The Le Corbusier Master Plan
Geometric matrix of generic neighborhood units, sectors and roads
in first phase: it was organised in 30 sectors
each sector was conceived as an autonomous unit including housing as well as all service needs
each sector measures 1.21 km in length and 0.81 km in width.
rectangular sectors framed with layout of grid of main roads
14 types of housing covered
type 1 for chief minister
type 14 for unaccounted
organised in sectors according to hierarchy with highest paid official and largest houses near the capital
greater the distance of sector from capital, higher is the density
locally made brick was main material of construction
boulders and pebbles used to make random patterns
window sizes kept to minimum to reduce costs
constructed with low tech machinery
CHICAGO SCHOOL
higher structures built as land prices were increasing
isolated footing supported a skeleton of iron encased in masonry
fireproof floors, fast elevators, gas lights
curtain walls supported by metal skeleton
Sullivan was main architect: firm visual base, intermediate floors treated as unit, crowned with bold cornice
bold geometric facades pierced with either arched or litel type openings
wall surface highlighted with extensive low relief sculptural ornamentation
buildings topped with deep projecting eaves and flat roofs
specific zones: ground story, intermediate floors, attic or roof
intermediate floors arranged in vertical bands, large ached window
highly decorated frieze
capital of pilaster strips
chicago window
CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTS
Robert venturi and Denise Scott Brown
Gordon Wu Hall
Ornamental graphic keystone
brick, limestone trim and strip windows adhere to entrance
Michael Graves
Portland Public Service Building
Block mass with decorated facades
ornament is more prominent
2 obtruding triangular forms are largely ornamental
pillars represented on the side of the building are not real
Richard Meier
High Museum of Art
concrete frame enameled steel cladding
curved facade to sunny atrium
extended ramp is a symbolic gesture
four story atrium
HIGH TECH ARCHITECTURE
Centre Pompidou, Paris
-Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers
Massive structural exoskeleton
exterior escalators in transparent tube
Ventilation ducts are shown on outside
means of access is on the outside through large tube
Lloyd's building
Richard Rogers
Expressed structure and exposed services as ornamental order
Multi storey free standing escalator array
External windows have triple layered solar control glass
Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank (HSBC)
Norman Foster
Dramatic exoskeleton trusses
interior atrium
escalator entry through glazed atrium floor
exterior trusses are expressed in the form of giant steel coat hangers
DECONSTRUCTIVISM
Philip Johnson- Da Monsta
3 dimensional wire grid with concrete on the outside, styrofoam in the middle and plaster on the interior
Frank O'Gehry
Disjointed angles
Unbalanced appearance of whole composition
Disharmonius abstract form
Sharp angles, shards and pointed forms
Irregularity
Altered massing
Spatial envelopes
Eg: Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, Spain
DESTIJL
flat roofs
asymmetry
geometric forms
white/gray walls with details in primary colours
houses for individuals are most important
spatial relations of solids to voids
rectangular shapes define geometric repetition of windows, doors and blocks of color
varying window sizes. arranged in patterns or one unit on a large wall
eg: schroder house
EXPRESSIONISM
Sydney Opera House and Lotus Temple
JFK Airport
The Einstein Tower
astrophysical observatory
Brick covered in stucco