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Intelligence (Eight Intelligences (Gardner) (Linguistic, Logical…

- - - - validity
      - reliability
        
        high test-retest reliability even over long periods of time
        
        IQ scores markedly higher for kids placed in high SES adoptive homes
        
        fluid intelligence ( ability to deal with new and unusual problems) dec with age
        
        crystallized intelligence (accumulated knowledge and cognitive skills) stable with age
      - standardization
        
        measured against other scores
        
        Flynn Effect: in the past several decades intelligence scores have steadily risen by an average of 27 points
- - - - expertise
      - imaginative thinking
      - a venturesome personality
      - intrinsic motivation
      - a creative environment
- - - - men do slightly better in visuospatial tasks
      - women do slightly better in verbal tasks
      - differences may be result of cultural environment
      - 10-15 point difference in IQ between black and whites
        
        disadvantaged circumstances
        
        stereotype threat: self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype