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Apollo 13 WorkSafe BC 'management' branch (MANAGEMENT (JOB DESIGN…
Apollo 13 WorkSafe BC
'management' branch
MANAGEMENT
JOB DESIGN
WORKLOAD
HIGH WORKLOAD
MANUAL ENGINE BURNS FOR TRAJECTORY CORRECTION
WORKING AT FAST PACE TO COMPLETE TASKS PRIOR TO SHUTDOWN OF SERVICE MODULE DUE TO IMPENDING OXYGEN DEPLETION
ADDRESSING ALARMS (CAUTION AND WARNINGS) THROUGHOUT FLIGHT; ESPECIALLY IMMEDIATELY AFTER EXPLOSION
PREPARING COMMAND MODULE FOR RE-ENTRY/SPLASHDOWN - ADDING WEIGHT TO IMPROVE DESCENT TRAJECTORY
HAND BUILDING CO2 SCRUBBERS
LOW WORKLOAD
NORMAL SPACE FLIGHT FOR FIRST 55 HOURS
REST PERIODS
VIDEO BROADCASTS TO MISSION CONTROL/MEDIA
PASSING TIME UNTIL INSTRUCTIONS WERE PASSED ON
TASK DESIGN
UNIQUE WORK ENVIRONMENT (SPACE)
COMPLETE PROCEDURES WITHIN
SHORT TIME FRAMES (IMPROVISATION)
(TROTTER
ET. AL.
, 2014)*
PROCEDURES HAD TO BE RE-WRITTEN
FOR THE APOLLO 13 SITUATION
CAUTIOUS WITH STARTING UP COMMAND
MODULE AFTER HOURS POWERED DOWN
COLD
CONDENSATION
POTENTIAL FOR SHORT CIRCUITS IN CONTROL PANELS
SPACECRAFT
DAMP/WET INSIDE
'RAINING' ON RE-ENTRY AS THE CONDENSATION FELL
WORK SCHEDULE
LONG HOURS FOR TRAINING
MISSION IN SPACE LASTING A NUMBER OF DAYS
SCHEDULE CHANGES AT SHORT NOTICE (I.E. MATTINGLY BEING REPLACE BY SWIGERT WITHIN DAYS OF LAUNCH).
BACK UP CREW TRAINED FOR SAME MISSION AS PRIME CREW
ASTRONAUTS TRAVELLED FREQUENTLY
BETWEEN SPACE CENTRES
OVERINVESTMENT OF WORK
COMMITMENTS AND WORKLOAD
(GISLER AND SORNETTE, 2009)
JOB REQUIREMENTS
COMPLETE THE MISSION
COMPLETE MISSION OBJECTIVES
REPORT ISSUES IDENTIFIED IN THE SPACE CRAFT TO MISSION CONTROL
BE INVOLVED IN SOLUTIONS FOR PROBLEMS
RETURN TO EARTH SAFELY
BE INNOVATIVE/INNOVATIVE THINKER
BE A PROBLEM SOLVER
ENTHUSIASM
CREATIVE ENGINEERING
TESTING COMPONENTS OF A COMPLEX MACHINE
CONSTRUCTION OF A COMPLEX MACHINE
DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPLEX MACHINE
RE-DESIGN/RE-ENGINEERING WHERE REQUIRED
SYSTEMS ORGANISATIONAL MANAGEMENT
POLICIES
MEDIA POLICIES
OPEN, HONEST, TIMELY INFORMATION AND UPDATES
KAUFFMAN 2001
MINIMISE RUMOURS AND SPECULATION
KAUFFMAN 2001
QUICK REACTION TO THE EVENT
KAUFFMAN 2001
REPORTERS HAD DIRECT ACCESS TO THE COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN THE SPACECRAFT/ASRTONAUTS AND MISSION CONTROL
KAUFFMAN 2001
FAMILIES ALSO HAD A SIMILAR SOURCE OF INFORMATION
APOLLO 13 MOVIE
POLICY ALTERED AFTER CRITICISM POST-APOLLO 1 ACCIDENT
KAUFFMAN 2001
ONE PRINT REPORTER AND ONE TELEVISION REPORTER WERE ALLOWED IN TO MISSION CONTROL DURING KEY EVENTS AND EMERGENCIES - SERVED AS A PRESS POOL FOR THE REST OF THE MEDIA
KAUFFMAN 2001
NASA PUBLIC AFFAIRS OFFICE CONFIRMED THE ACCURACY OF THESE REPORTS WITH MISSION CONTROL
KAUFFMAN 2001
ACCURATE RESPONSE
SHARE INFORMATION WITH STAKEHOLDERS
PUSHED FOR A QUICK RESPONSE
STRIP POLICY
(TROTTER
ET. AL.
, 2014)
ALL MISSION CONTROL PERSONNEL HAD TO STAY WOTHIN 30MINS OF MISSION CONTROL IN CASE OF EMERGENCY
(TROTTER
ET. AL.
, 2014)
LIGITMISATION OF IMPROVISATION
(TROTTER
ET. AL.
, 2014)
FLIGHT DIRECTOR'S JOB DESCRIPTION - "THE FLIGHT DIRECTOR CAN DO ANYTHING HE FEELS IN NECESSARY FOR THE SAFETY OF THE CREW AND THE CONDUT OF THE FLIGHT REGARDLESS OF THE MISSION RULES".
(TROTTER
ET. AL.
, 2014)
MANAGEMENT DECISIONS
GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT
1961 - PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY
MOON LANDING PROMISE
(GISLER AND SORNETTE 2009)
GET THE JOB DONE SAFELY
USA REPUTATION AT STAKE
SHORT TIME FRAME (10 YEARS)
SOME PRESSURE TO ACHIEVE THE GOAL
BEAT THE RUSSIANS TO THE MOON
PRACTICAL PROBLEMS
CREATING COMPLEX MACHINES
MANY EARLY PROBLEMS WITH APOLLO
NASA REPUTATION AT STAKE
KAUFFMAN 2001
GOVERNMENT FUNDING
APPROXIMATELY 5%
OF FEDERAL BUDGET
AFTER SUCCESSFUL APOLLO 11, WAS THIS
APPROPRIATE SPENDING?
KAUFFMAN 2001
1971 NASA BUEDGET: USD $3.6 BILLION
1971 APOLLO BUDGET $910 MILLION
(GISLER AND SORNETTE, 2009)
HIGH STAKES - SUCCESS WAS A MUST
FUTURE OF SPACE
PROGRAM AT STAKE
KAUFFMAN 2001
CONGRESSIONAL SUPPORT
KAUFFMAN 2001
MAJORITY OF FINANCIAL SUPPORT FROM CONGRESS
KAUFFMAN 2001
PUBLIC SUPPORT
OPEN COMMUNICATION
KUFFMAN 2001
HONEST COMMUNICATION
KAUFFMAN 2001
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION CRITICAL
KAUFFMAN 2001
5 more items...
QUICK RESPONSE
KAUFFMAN 2001
1 more item...
PROVEIDE CONSTANT FLOW OF INFORMATION
KAUFFMAN 2001
REPUTATION OF THE SPACE PROGRAM
KAUFFMAN 2001
LIVES OF THE THREE ASTRONAUTS
KUAFFMAN 2001
REPUTATION OF NASA
KAUFMANN 2001
REPUTATION OF US GOVERNMENT
"US PREEMINENT IN SPACE", "SECOND TO NONE IN ITS ABILITY TO EXPORE THE EXPECTED RICHES IF THE SOLAR SYSTEM AND BEYOND"
(GISLER AND SORNETT, 2009)
RICHARD NIXON PRESIDENT
AT THE TIME OF APOLLO 13
DESCRIBED ASTRONAUTS QUALITIES AS SUPERIOR TO MACHINES: EVEN IN AN ERA OF "MAGNIFICENT TECHNOCRACY, MEN DO COUNT, THE INDIVIDUAL DOES COUNT" - RICHARD NIXON
KAUFFMAN 2001
USED 'FRONTIER NARRATIVE' AND CHARACTERISED APOLLO 13 AT A SUCCESS
KAUFFMAN 2001
APOLLO 13 LANDING - MOST EXCITING AND
MEANINGFUL DAY HE HAD EXPERIENCED
KAUFFMAN 2001
POLITICAL BENEFIT OF SUCCESSFUL RETURN?
KAUFFMAN 2001
PRESIDENTIAL SUPPORT OF SCIENCE AND MATHS CURRICULUM IN SCHOOLS
(TROTTER
ET. AL.
, 2014)
NATIONAL SCHOOL CURRICULUM ADAPTED TO FOCUS ON MATHS AND SCIENCE SUBJECTS TO PRODUCE STUDENTS WITH SUITABLE BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE TO RECRUIT IN TO THE SPACE PROGRAM
(TROTTER
ET. AL.
, 2014)
CONTRIBUTED TO THE SKILL LEVEL OF MISSION CONTROLLERS AND ASTRONAUTS
(TROTTER
ET. AL.
, 2014)
KEY TO THE SUCCESS OF IMPROVISATION
(TROTTER
ET. AL.
, 2014)
SOMEWHAT AWARE OF ISSUES WITH OXYGEN TANK 2
SATISFIED WITH THE ADJUSTED PROCEDURES
ALLOWED COMPONENT TO BE INSTALLED ON SPACECRAFT RATHER THAN BEING REPLACED/CAUSING DELAYS TO BLAST-OFF
DEEMED TANK SAFE TO FLY WITH
TANK TESTED AND
PASSED MODIFIED TESTING
MODIFIED TESTING MISSED HIGHLY INCREASED TEMPERATURE GENERATED WITHIN THE TANK
HIGH LEVEL MANAGERS AT MISSION CONTROL TO BE ABLE TO MAKE HIGH LEVEL DECISIONS AND APPROVALS DURING SPACECRAFT RECOVERY
MAINTAIN OPEN AND HONEST
AND TIMELY COMMUNICATION
(KAUFFMAN, 2001)
FAMILIES KEPT UP TO DATE
PUBLIC KEPT UP TO DATE
INTERNAL PERSONNEL KEPT UP TO DATE
PRESIDENT UP TO DATE
ORGANISATION OF WORK
INVESTIGATION TEAM APPOINTED QUICKLY
NASA PERSONNEL
NO LINK TO APOLLO 13
TRANSPARENCY
OPPENNESS
OBJECTIVITY
INDEPENDENT CONSULTANTS
INFORMATION TRANSFER
INSTRUCTIONS
WRITTEN
FLIGHT MANUALS
CALCULATIONS WITHIN INSIDE THE MANUAL
FLIGHT CONTROL LABELS
INDICATOR LIGHTS REQUIRING ACTION/ATTENTION
INDICATOR LIGHTS COMMUNICATING INFORMATION
COPILED INDEXED HANDBOOKS OF EVERY
COMPONENT OF THE SPACECRAFT
(TROTTER
ET. AL.
, 2014)
UNDERSTANDING OF SYSTEMS AND
PROBLEMS AT A DEEP LEVEL
(TROTTER
ET. AL.
, 2014)
DECISIONS CLEARLY COMMUNICATED
(TROTTER
ET. AL.
, 2014)
ENABLED DECISIONS TO BE MADE QUICKLY
(TROTTER
ET. AL.
, 2014)
VERBAL
RADIO COMMUNICATIONS (WITHIN MISSION CONTROL AND BETWEEN MISSION CONTROL AND THE SPACECRAFT)
PROMPTING FOR
STANDARD PROCEDURES
STIRRING ON OXYGEN TANKS
REQUIRED COURSE CORRECTIONS
BURN TIMES
COMMUNICATION OF ISSUES AS THEY AROSE
TROUBLE SHOOTING
MONITORING OF
FLIGHT PROGRESS
GUIDANCE, TELEMETRY AND TRAJECTORY
ENVIRONMENT AND LIFE SYSTEMS
ELECTRICAL, INSTRUMENTATION AND COMMUNICATION
FELLOW ASTRONAUTS USED TO COMMUNICATE
DIRECTLY WITH ASTRONAUTS (CAPCOM)
(TROTTER
ET. AL.
, 2014)
ONE LINE OF COMMUNICATION
(TROTTER
ET. AL.
, 2014)
ONLY A FEW VOICES PROVIDING INSTRUCTIONS (DIFFERENT SHIFTS TO COVER 24 HOUR DAY). FEWER ROTATIONS THAN OTHERS IN MISSION CONTROL.
(TROTTER
ET. AL.
, 2014)
FELLOW ASTRONAUTS FAMILIAR WITH THE TIME EACH TASK WOULD TAKE TO CARRY OUT
(TROTTER
ET. AL.
, 2014)
BETTER ABLE TO COMMUNICATE INFORMATION TO LIKE-MINDED INDIVIDUALS (I.E. OTHER ASTRONAUTS)
(TROTTER
ET. AL.
, 2014)
FAMILIAR WITH TRAINING FELLOW ASTRONAUTS HAVE
(TROTTER
ET. AL.
, 2014)
CLEAR AND EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
(TROTTER
ET. AL.
, 2014)
CLEAR COMMUNICATION REQUIRED TO ENABLE
SUCCESSFUL EXECUTION OF IMPROVISED TASKS
(TROTTER
ET. AL.
, 2014)
LABELS
CONTROL PANELS
MISSION CONTROL
GROUPED CONTROL PANELS
AND PANEL OPERATORS
FIRST ROW
NASA HQ
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENCE
(USUALLY A MILITARY GENERAL)
PAO - PUBLIC AFFAIRS OFFICER
DFO - DIRECTOR OF FLIGHT OPERATIONS
SECOND ROW
INCO - INSTRUMENT AND COMMUNICATIONS
O&P - ORGANISATION AND PROCEDURES
FLIGHT - FLIGHT DIRECTOR AND ASSISTANT FLIGHT DIRECTOR
FAO - FLIGHT ACTIVITIES OFFICER
NETWORK - NETWORK CONTROLLER
THIRD ROW
TELMU - TELEMETRY, ELECTRICAL AND EVA MOBILITY UNIT (LM EECOM)
GNC - GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION, AND CONTROL
EECOM - ELECTRICAL, ENVIRONMENT AND COMMUNICATIONS
CAPCOM - CAPSULE CONTROLLER
SURGEON - LIFE SYSTEMS OPERATOR/FLIGHT SURGEON
CONTROL - LM GUIDANCE AND NAVIGATION
FOURTH ROW
RETRO - RETROFIRE OFFICER
FDO - FLIGHT DYNAMICS OFFICER
BOOSTER - BOOSTER SYSTEMS ENGINEER
GUIDO - GUIDANCE OFFICER
SPACECRAFT
LUNAR EXCURSION MODULE (LEM)
SERVICE MODULE (SM)
COMMAND MODULE (CM)
SIMULATORS
CLOSE PROXIMITY TO MISSION CONTROL
(TROTTER
ET. AL.
, 2014)
FULLY FUNCTIONING SIMULATION ENVIRONMENTS (SPACECRAFT AND VACUUM ENVIRONMENT)
(TROTTER
ET. AL.
, 2014)
ENABLED REALISITC TESTING OF IMPROVISED PROCEDURES FOR COMMAND MODULE START UP
(TROTTER
ET. AL.
, 2014)
VACUUM CHAMBER USED TO TEST THE LITHIUM HYDROXIDE CO2 SCRUBBERS
(TROTTER
ET. AL.
, 2014)
MULTIPLE PROTOTYPES LED TO
SUCCESSFUL IMPROVISATION
(TROTTER
ET. AL.
, 2014)
STATE OF THE ART
(TROTTER
ET. AL.
, 2014)
COMMUNICATIONS (WRITTEN AND VERBAL)
RADIO COMMUNICATIONS
FELLOW ASTRONAUTS USED TO
COMMUNICATE DIRECTLY WITH
FLYING ASTRONAUTS
(TROTTER
ET. AL.
, 2014)
ONE LINE OF COMMUNICATION
(TROTTER
ET. AL.
, 2014)
ONLY A FEW VOICES PROVIDING INSTRUCTIONS (DIFFERENT SHIFTS TO COVER 24 HOUR DAY)
(TROTTER
ET. AL.
, 2014)
FELLOW ASTRONAUTS FAMILIAR WITH THE TIME EACH TASK WOULD TAKE TO CARRY OUT
(TROTTER
ET. AL.
, 2014)
BETTER ABLE TO COMMUNICATE INFORMATION TO LIKE-MINDED INDIVIDUALS (I.E. OTHER ASTRONAUTS)
(TROTTER
ET. AL.
, 2014)
FAMILIAR WITH TRAINING FELLOW ASTRONAUTS HAVE
(TROTTER
ET. AL.
, 2014)
VIDEO LINK
VARIOUS FLIGHT MANUALS FOR SPACECRAFT
SCREENS
SPACECRAFT
MISSION CONTROL
TV SCREENS/BROADCAST