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Situational Variables (Proximity (In the original study, the teacher and…
Situational Variables
Proximity
In the original study, the teacher and learner were in adjoining rooms, so the teacher could hear the learner but not see him
In the proximity variation, they were in the same room.
In this condition, the obedience rate dropped from the baseline 65% to 40%
In a more dramatic variation, the teacher had to force the learner's hand onto an electroshock plate
In this touch proximity condition, the obedience rate dropped further to 30%
In a third proximity variation, the experimenter left the room and gave instructions by phone.
In this remote instruction condition, time proximity was reduced.
The outcome was a further reduction in obedience to 20.5%. The participants also frequently pretended to give shocks or gave weaker ones than they were ordered to.
Location
In another variation, Milgram changed the location of the study.
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In such a situation, the experimenter had less authority.
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Uniform
In the original study, the experimenter wore a lab coat as a symbol of his authority
Milgram carried out a variation where the experimenter was called away due to an inconvenient telephone call.
The experimenter was taken over by an 'ordinary member of the public' (played by a confederate) in everyday clothes.
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