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Topic 10 (CHEM) - Acids and Bases (Ionic Equations (Nitrates :arrow_right:…
Topic 10 (CHEM) - Acids and Bases
Bases
Metal Hydroxides (Alkalis)
E.g. Sodium Hydroxide, Calcium Hydroxide, Potassium Hydroxide, Ammonium Hydroxide, Barium Hydroxide, Calcium Hydroxide
Metal Oxides
E.g. Sodium Oxide, Magnesium Oxide, Calcium Oxide
[Define]
: An alkali is a substance that dissociates in water to produce hydroxide ions
Acids and Alkalis
Acids
Sour
low pH (<7)
No visible change
for moist red litmus paper
Change to blue
for moist blue litmus paper
Weak:
Orange
, Strong:
Red
Both conduct electricity in aqueous state
Both are CORROSIVE
Alkalis
Bitter
high pH (>7)
Change to blue
for moist red litmus paper
No visible change
for moist blue litmus paper
Weak:
Blue
, Strong:
Purple
.
Acid + Reactive Metal :arrow_right: Salt + H2 gas
Acid + Base/Alkali :arrow_right: Salt + H2O
(neutralisation)
Acid + Metal Carbonate :arrow_right: Salt + H2O + CO2 gas
Alkali + Ammonium :arrow_right: Ammonium Salt + H2O + NH3 gas
Tests for Gases and Keywords
"Effervescence"
is observed (DO NOT USE "gas bubbles")
Hydrogen Gas Test :arrow_right:
Place a lighted splint at the mouth of the test tube
The lighted splint is extinguished with a "pop sound" in the presence of hydrogen gas
Carbon Dioxide Gas Test :arrow_right:
"White Precipitate"
is formed in the lime water (calcium hydroxide) in the presence of carbon dioxide gas (DO NOT USE "chalky" or "cloudy")
Higher pH :arrow_right: Lower concentration of H+ ions :arrow_right: Higher concentration of OH- ions
Lower pH :arrow_right: Higher concentration of H+ ions :arrow_right: Lower concentration of OH- ions
Unreactive metals: Copper (Cu), Gold (Au), Silver (Ag)
Ionic Equations
Nitrates :arrow_right:
Soluble:
ALL NITRATES
Sulfates :arrow_right:
Soluble:
MOST SULFATES
Insoluble:
:arrow_right:
Lead (II) Sulfate
Barium Sulfate
Calcium Sulfate
Chlorides :arrow_right:
Soluble:
MOST CHLORIDES
Insoluble:
:arrow_right:
Silver Chloride
Lead (II) Chloride
Bromides :arrow_right:
Soluble:
MOST BROMIDES
Insoluble:
:arrow_right:
Silver Bromide
Lead (II) Bromide
Iodides :arrow_right:
Soluble:
MOST IODIDES
Insoluble:
:arrow_right:
Silver Iodides
Lead (II) Iodides
Carbonates :arrow_right:
Soluble
:arrow_right: (S.A.P.)
Sodium carbonate
Potassium Carbonate
Ammonium Carbonate
Insoluble
: MOST CARBONATES
Hydroxides :arrow_right:
Soluble
:arrow_right: (S.A.P.Ca.Ba)
Sodium Hydroxide
Ammonium Hydroxide
Potassium Hydroxide
Calcium Hydroxide (Limewater)
Insoluble
: MOST HYDROXIDES
Barium Hydroxide
MOST OXIDES ARE INSOLUBLE
Calcium Oxide SOLUBLE
ALL AMMONIUM SALTS ARE SOLUBLE
ALL SPA SALTRS ARE SOUBLE ;IH UV