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BREEDING AND REPRODUCTION (discuss (Menstruation (discharging blood and…
BREEDING AND REPRODUCTION
Sex determination
Ontogenic differentiation
Female
Oocyte decrease as age increase
no mitosis after birth
implantation
attachment of embryo to uterine walls
Male
mitosis to increase no. of spermatozoa
INFERTILITY
Low sperm count
decreased
gonadotrophin (FSH,LH) stimulation
blockage
in
rete testis, epidydimis @ vas deferens
blood hormone level normal, sperm count low due to blockages
IMPOTENCY
erectile dysfunction
penis fails to erect
causes
physical damage
reduced blood flow & nerve damage
health and medication
i.e. diabetes, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson disease
psychological problem
stress, depression, anxiety
treatment
cognitive behavioral therapy
medicine
definition
origination and development of an organism, usually from the time of fertilization of the egg to the organism's mature form
Function sex organs
Male
Functions:
Testis
: produces (spermatogenesis) & sex hormones (steroidogenesis)
Acessory organs
: produces fluids tht can carry sperms to the penis
Ducts
: store & carry sperm w/ seminal fluids to penis
Penis
: deposits sperm into vagina
Cryptorchidism
Female
Oviduct
: transport of ovum
Uterus
: implantation & pregnancy
Vagina
: organ of copulation
Vulva
: external opening to reproductive organs
Ovary
: produces ova and hormones
Cervix
: protects from external disturbances
types of uterus
uterus duplex
duplex
i.e. guinea pig, rat, mouse, rabbit
advanced duplex
i.e. opossum, kangaroo
bipartile uterus
bipartile
i.e. cow,ewe,doe,cats
(ruminants)
modified bipartile
i.e. mare
bicornuate uterus
i.e. pig, insectivores
uterus simplex
no uterine horns, all uterine body
Gametogenesis
process in which cells undergo meiosis to form gametes
Female
cycles
Estrus
PROESTRUS -> ESTRUS -> METESTRUS -> DIESTRUS
cycle is based on ovarian activity
Menstrual
cycle is based on
uterine events
in large apes & humans
can see obvious bleeding
Male
a diploid gamete (2n) cell produces haploid (n) sperm and egg cells
Reproduction adaptations
Birds
Marine animals
Freshwater animals
discuss
Menstruation
discharging blood and other materials
from the lining of the uterus
at intervals of about one lunar month
from puberty until menopause
in woman
skips this during pregnancy
Menstrual cycle
regular natural change
occurs in the female reproductive system
makes pregnancy possible
Fertilization
action or process of
fertilizing an egg
female animal
plant
involves the fusion of male and female gametes
to form a zygote
Pregnancy
condition or period of being pregnant
carrying a developing embryo or fetus
within the female body
Parturition
giving birth
Lactation
secretion of milk
by the mammary glands
the suckling of young
Birth control
practice of preventing unwanted pregnancies
typically,by use of contraception
i.e condoms,diaphragm,cervical cap,contraceptive sponge
i.e.
Hormonal methods
: birth control pills,contraceptive implant,contraceptive injection,contraceptive patch
Factors involved in reproduction & breeding
3
. Photoperiod & breeding season
Pineal gland
respond to changes in photoperiod
increase melatonin secretion
i.e. short day breeder, long day breeder
Melatonin
determines the onset of breeding season in seasonal breeders
i.e. sheep, goats, horses and cats
i.e. melatonin implants
2
. Hormonal changes during estrous cycle
1
. Hormonal control of reproduction
LH & FSH
Others:
6
. social factors
5
. nutrition
7
. Temperature & humidity
4
. Reproductive senescence
Birth controls for farm animals &pets
Neutering & spaying
Neuter= gen. term to describe the castration of a male animal
Spaying=
ovariohysterectomy
of a female animal
Chemical castration
Castration via drugs
whether to reduce libido & sexual activity
Immunization
Sperm surface antigens
PH-20, SP-10,Eppin
Zona Pellucida
ZP3, porcine zona antigens= PZP vaccine
