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History PBL 3 Mindmap (Article: "Philosophical influences on…

- - - - Hartley supported the idea
        
        Contiguity
        
        Repetition
- - - - The view that human knowledge is a construction of the mind and doesn’t necessarily correspond to an outside world. It rejects physicalist and dualist theories that fail to ascribe priority to the mind and instead stated that all entities are composed of mind or spirit.
      - George Berkeley
        
        Argued that if the contents of the soul is entirely acquired through observation, then (apart from God), how do we know that the contents is a faithful rendition of the world?
        
        Consequently, he argued that we have no guarantee that there exists something like an outside world.
      - David Hume
        
        Pointed out that idealism questioned the scientific endeavour of unearthing causes and effects which is important as causes are rarely directly observed.
        
        As a result, the mind simply infers causality from contiguity in time and place. When we experience the co-occurrence of events, we tend to see one event as the source of the other.
        
        This gives an illusion that we have acquired deeper knowledge beyond what our senses and memory know when in fact there’s little guarantee or proof of this supposedly causal relationship.
      - Kant
        
        Humans are conscious of their perceptions, meaning that they don’t only perceive but also think about their perceptions. By combining input from senses as well as understanding, they come to concepts and judgements far more developed than basic experiences.
- - - - Comte excluded psychology from his hierarchy of sciences due to his criticisms with the introspective method, instead taking the positivism approach and founding sociology
        
        Positivism: a system based on facts that are observable objectively and not debatable. Everything speculative or illusory was rejected.
        
        Empiricism, materialism, and positivism became the philosophical foundation of the new science of psychology. Empiricism played the major role.
        
        Materialism stated that universe and human consciousness could be explained in terms of principles of chemistry and physics. Materialists focused on anatomy and physiological structure of the brain