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Behavior control procedures (Types (External (Extinction: omitting the US…

- - - - Behavioural consequences
        
        Are
        
        Conditioned response (CR) declines
        
        Other responses appear
        
        Consequence of
        
        Emotional effect that results from unexpected absence of the US (frustration and anger)
      - Is not
        
        Forgetting, reversing or erasing information
        
        Evidence
        
        Spontaneous recovery: consequence of a period of test after extinction. Happens because extinction dissipates, but previous response recovers.
        
        Example
        
        Recovery of bad habits after attempts of extinction
        
        Renewal: consequence of returning subjects to the original context of conditioning, after receiving extinction
        
        Example
        
        Drug habit treated in residential treatment center renewed when client returns home
        
        Reinstatement: consequence of exposure to the US
        
        Example
        
        Fear and anxiety acquired during course of being in a relationship can return if there are similar forms of abuse
      - Produces
        
        Learning: inhibitory association between CS and CR when there is non-reinforcement after a history of reinforcement
      - Explanation
        
        Frustration theory
        
        Effects
        
        Magnitude of reinforcement extinction effect: responding declines in extinction following reinforcement with larger reinforce
        
        Partial-reinforcement extinction effect (PREE): extinction is faster is it is continuous
        
        Overtraining extinction effect: More training does not create stronger response. But less reinforcement does create weaker responses
      - Efectiveness
        
        Depends on
        
        Partial/complete reinforcement: partial reinforcement is more resistant to extinction
        
        Explanation
        
        Sequential theory: the subject remembers that he has not been rewarded, which increases expectancy of future reward.
        
        Frustration theory: intermittent reinforcement produces anticipation of non-reward
    - - Punishment: aversive stimulus os presented contingent
        
        Efectiveness
        
        Accomplished if
        
        Contingency with the response
        
        Punishment each time the response is made
        
        High intensity of punishment from the beginning
        
        Punishment is significant to the subject
        
        Punishment is presented immediately after response
        
        Surprising punishment
        
        Positive reinforcement for alternative activities is provided
        
        Not accomplished if
        
        Punishment is too intense and maintains too much time
        
        Signalling the punishment
        
        Punishment is applied to escape behaviour (promotes desire to escape)
        
        Exposure to mild punishment at the beginning (resistance to punishment)
        
        Aim of punishment is not to produce a constructive change
        
        Punishment signals a positive reinforcement
        
        Alternatives
        
        Time out: time-out from sources of positive reinforcement
        
        Differential reinforcement of other behaviors (DRO): provide reinforce only when a certain response does not occur
      - Avoidance learning: the instrumental response prevents the delivery of an aversive stimulus
        
        Example
        
        People with drug dependence use drugs to prevent the aversive effects of drug-avoidance
        
        Variation
        
        Escaping: the avoidance behavior blocks the aversive stimulus
    - - Involves
        
        Stimulus generalization
        
        Important in
        
        Learning words
        
        Example
        
        Say "apple" when you see picture of an apple and choose the picture of an apple when told to do so
        
        Perceptual-concept learning
        
        Example
        
        Learning to identify as water an ocean, a lake, a puddle and a steam
        
        Stimulus discrimination
        
        Can involve
        
        Inter-dimensional stimuli
        
        Example
        
        In traffic lights, distinguish between colours, significance and position of each
        
        Intra-dimensional stimuli: produces more precise stimulus control than inter-dimensional
        
        Example
        
        Distinguish two letters (F and E)
  - - - Considers that
        
        Behavioural bliss point: Organisms have a preffered or optimal distribution of activities in any given situation
        
        Introduction of an instrumental conditioning disrupts the optimal response distribution (behavioural bliss point)
        
        The organism tends to return to the bliss point by substituting other activities