Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Revolution and Counter Revolution (Definition (Stephen Walt: should be…
Revolution and Counter Revolution
Definition
Revolution is defined as a change in the system- but this can only be seen after the fact (Peter Calvert-
Revolution and world order
)
Many movements self-identify as 'revolutionary' but have no change once they're part of the system
Stephen Walt: should be precisely defined, exclude military coups, etc
As calvert notes there is significant similarities in outcomes however
Ideology
Universalit ideology is directly counter to westphalia (david armstrong)
Radical internationalism- fred haliday
Can often lead to rejection of state commitments- libya
counter revolution
External
Three Emperors League
Concert of Europe
The international system crushing revolutions
Even if intervention doesn't stop a revolution it can influence it (US, Sandanistas in Nicaragua)
Internal
Resistance to revolution from within the state- French Revolution
Often has just as big of an impact on the international system
Famous Revolutions
French
Civic Nationalism
Originally very revolutionary- 'liberating' areas brought under their control.
Challenge to International society: No regard for alliances. Sovereignty as based in the people.Changes the international principle of legitimacy
Seen as a triumph of the state- greatly centralizes state power
Russian
Communism
Challenge to international economic order and the existence of the states
Believed that the fate of the russian revolution depended on it spreading (lenin) (Claudin the communist movement)
Stalin is the one who changes this to socialism in one country
Trotsky's revolutionary foreign policy
Early on: Issues appeals directly to citizens of other countries, not the governments. Provide military and financial aid
Swear they won't join the League of Nations
Join in 1929
Third congress of the Comintern (1921)
revolution has not spread, confirms russia as the 'vanguard of socialism'
from this point foreign policy begins to be more standard
Dual policy
: long term socialist revolution as goal, but short term maintain generally normal relations and diplomatic practices
Treaty of Brest-Litvosk:
huge losses, cession to international politics
1848 Revolutions
Weyland:
mechanisms of revolutions speading
Direct support/oposition of great power
Outside powers pushing norms
Misjudgement/cognitive explanations (availability heuristic) - this is the case in 1848
Makeup of a Revolution
Structural arguments: revolution is a combination of state fragility (opportunity), conflict between state and elites, and popular uprising