Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Blood and Tissue Protozoa (Pneumocystis Carinii (Responsible for…
Blood and Tissue Protozoa
Plasmodium
Occurs in subtropical and tropical areas
Bite of anopheles mosquito
Humans are reservoir for the infection
Transmission
Bite of mosquito
Through blood products like transfusions
Sharing needles
Congenital acquisition is rare but possible
S/s
Fever
Chills
Lysis of RBC - causing anemia
Muscle aches
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Symptoms can appear anywhere from 8-30 days after the bite of the mosquito
Injected into humans through the bite of a mosquito
Within 30 minutes, these sporozoites will enter the liver
In the liver they will multiply, taking anywhere from 8-25 days
They can establish a dormant liver phase which can lead to relapses months to years later
If the plasmodium multiples, they will be released into the blood, where they will invade the RBC’s
After 2-3 days, the RBC will burst open and release parasites
Parasite will infect more RBC’s
Mosquitos can bite you, pick up the parasite, and start cycle all over again
P. Falciparum
Most virulent of the plasmodiums
Because it likes RBCs of all ages
Greatest parasitemia
Produces largest number of parasites in the blood
Highest risk of mortality
P. Malariae
Like older RBC’s
Less severe only a small percentage
Malaria acquired by visiting other countries or individuals living in other countries coming to US with the infection
Parasite grows very poorly in patients with sickle cell disease
Dx
Blood smear in the patient
Look for parasite in the RBC’s
Serological tests are not very valuable because they take 5 weeks
Tx
Anti-parasitic medications
P. Vivax
Prefers young RBC’s
Less severe
P. Ovale
Like older RBC’s
Less severe only a small percentage
Babesia Microti
(Summer Flu)
Resembles plasmodium
Destroys RBC’s
All over the world
Transmission
Prevalent in Martha’s Vineyard, Pacific Coast, Nantucket Island, Shelter Island
Reservoir is small rodents
Vector is Deer Tick
Transfusion of blood or tick bite
S/s
Patient becomes more anemic as disease progresses
Dx
Blood smears
:staR:Tetrads:star:
4 weeks to build up antibodies to the disease
Treatment is anti-parasitics like Quinine
Toxoplasma Gondii
Most in US have antibodies against it
Prevalent among immunocompromised
Produces 3 Distinct syndromes:
Infectious Mononucleosis-Like Syndrome
Congenital Infections
(Especially in 3rd trimester)
Brain & Heart Involvement
(AIDS patients)
Transmission
Reservoir is house cat
Eating inadequately cooked meat such as beef or lamb
Can be transmitted to the fetus during pregnancy
Inhalation of the cysts which could be in the litter box
HIV patients, patients with defects in cell mediated immunity, or patients who have undergone transplantation surgery - if they contract the disease it infects the CNS
S/s
Asymptomatic
Acute Disease
Resembles mono
Chronic Disease
Rash
Liver involvement
Brain involvement
Heart involvement
Blindness
Congenital problems
Hydrocephalus
Blindness
Microcephaly
Epilepsy
Still births and spontaneous abortions
Dx
Elevated IGM antibody titers
PCR
AIDS patients (no IgM) so you do MRI or CT Scans
(Look for lesions in brain)
Tx
Antiparasitics with antibiotics
Pneumocystis Carinii
(Responsible for Pneumocystis Pneumonia)
Rare in healthy individuals
Etiology
Premature
Malnourished patients
Aids
Antibodies to it are common
Only causes pneumonia
Normal Flora
Has an RNA structure similar to a fungus (more virus like)
If patient obtains this parasite it is an indication that the patient is HIV positive
Transmission
Droplets
Aerosols
Diagnosis
Based on X-rays
Microbe in sputum
Treatment
Steroids
Multiple anti-parasitics
Leishmania
(Causes Leshaniasis)
Can cause anywhere from superficial ulcers to severe liver, spleen, and bone marrow lesions
Those of this group who can cause ulcers grow at lower temperatures 25-30 C
Those of this group who can cause liver, spleen, bone marrow lesions 37C
Tropical disease
Transmission
Vector is Sandfly
Reservoir
Rodents
Foxes
Jackals
Porcupines
Associated with travelers
Lesihmaniabrazilensis
Causes Chiclero
Produces skin ulcers
:star:Seen in individuals who harvest chewing gum - in the chicals:star:
Causes espundia
Mucocutaneous lesion
Leishmania tropica
Responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis
Incubation period 2 weeks to 2 months
At site where you were bitten will get red lesion
Will become very itchy and ulcerate
Heals on own but leaves scar
Leishmania Donovani
Visceral leishmaniasis referred to as calazar referred to as dum dum fever
Treat with antiparasitics
:star:Will not go away on its own:star:
Trypansoma Cruzi
(American trypanosomiasis or “Chagas Disease” )
Found in north central and South America
Vectors
Triatominae (true bug)
Reduviid bug (kissing bug)
Bug when bites will defecate on skin
Once in blood it will produce symptoms
Asymptomatic
Acute
At site of bite lymph nodes will swelling this is called Chagoma
Fever
Rash
Chills
Muscle pain
Fatigue
Disease will usually heal itself at this point and not come back, in a few people it comes back with complications 20 years later
Chronic
Hepatosplenomegaly
Enlargement of the esophagus and colon
Megacolon
Cardiomyopathy and Cardiac Arrhythmias
Dx
Parasite in blood smear or PCRS
Treatment must be done early, if complications then no treatment works
Trypanosoma Brucei
(Causes African Sleeping Sickness or African trypanosomosis)
Endemic to tropical west and central africa
Transmission
Vector is Tsetse fly
Difficult to prevent or create vaccine because parasite trypanosoma changes surface antigens
S/s
Incubation period: few days to weeks
Fever
Muscle pains
Bone pains
Lymph node enlargement
:star:Winter Bottom's Sign:Star:
Progresses through central nervous systems causes:
Lethargy
Tremors
Convulsions
Incontinence
Person becomes comatose and difficult to wake up. Then won't wake up
Usually results in death
Dx
Blood smears
Parasite is in the blood not attacking the RBC
Treatment
Can use drugs in the early stages
Once CNS is involves, tx no longer works