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Upper GI Mouth to Duodenum (Stomach (Stomach (Submucosa (Gastric glands),…
Upper GI
Mouth to Duodenum
Oral cavity
Function
Taste
Breakdown food into bolus
Small amount of digestion
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
(trachea (kertainised) and oesphagus)
3 pair salivary gland
Largest: parotid: maxilla
Facial nerve
Submandivular
Sublingual
Saliva
ANS: cerebral cortex: centrs appetite amygdala and hipocampus
Nuclei in pons and medulla
CN VII and IX
Muscarinic receptors on acinar cells in salivary glands
Salivon
NaCl is secreted into acinus and is isotonic to dissolve amylase - and Na and CL is reabsorbed and replaced with K and HCO3, change pH
Mastication
Muscles
Masseter
Temporalis
Medial and lateral pterygoids
CN V
Food into bolus
Alpha amylase
Starch broken down this way
Swallow
Pharyngeal phase
Close naso and oropharynx
Contraction of soft palate
Constriction pharyngeal muscles which block trachea and larynx
Medulla and pons CN XI and X
Oesophageal phase
Bolus enters oesphageal
Contraction of sphincter muscle
Oral phase
Tip of tongue against hard palate
Pushes food posterior tongue oropharynx
Oesophagus
Serosa (adventitia in retro organs)
Longitudinal muscle (peristalsis)
Circular muscle
Submucosa
Muscosal msucle
Mucosa
Epithelial lining
Lymphoid tissue
Mucosal gland
Submucosal gland
Mesentery
Mucosa: Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
Submucosa: oesphageal glands
Msucle layers
Upper 1/3rd: skeletal
Middle 1/3rd: mixture
Lower 1/3rd: smooth
Increased tone in lower oesphageal sphincter of smooth muscle
Z line: Stratified of oesphagus to cuboidal of stomach
Passes through diaphragm
Vena cava - T8
Oesphagus - T10
Aorta - T12
Stomach
Fucntion
Bolus to chyme
Distruption of chemical bonds in food
Storage of food
Anatomy
Cardia: lubrication
Fundus, pits, intrinsic factor + pepsinogen + acid
Body/corpus
Lesser and greater curvatures
Pylorus: gastrin
Stomach
Submucosa
Gastric glands
Muscular layer
Smooth muscle
Additional oblique layer (oblique , circular, longitudinal)
Mucosa
Thick mucus membrane
Gastric pits
Cells
:red_cross:
Chief cells: pylorus
Cephallic phase:
Stimulate G cells (vagus and ENS)
Stimulate of histamine from ECL cells
Gastric phase
Distension of stomach
Amino acids
Intestinal Phase
Slow down secretion
Cephallic phase: Withdrawal vagal nerve activity
Gastric Pahse: Reduced pH in stomach + PGE2 (reduces acid secretion)
Intestinal phase: nervous and hormonal mechanism
Water into cells
broken up H + and OH-
OH- combined with CA and CO2 to give HCO3
H+/K+ ATPase-
HCO3- and Cl- channel basal cell
Duodenum
12 fingers long
First part
Circular folds
Descending part of duodenum
Major duodenal papilla
Horizontal part duodenum
Ascedning part duodenum
Jejunum (mesenterum)
Mucosa (circular folds (plicae circulares)
Submucosa (Brunner's gland neutralise SA)
Chyme enters duodenum (low pH, contains fatty acids)
I cell secretion of CCK, contraction of gallbladder, common bile duct, cystic duct and common bile duct sphincter of Oddi
Pancreas: pancreatic juice, alkali soln: Enzymes
Duodenal S cells: secretin: Increasing production of panceatic juice
Duodenum regulates gastric emptying
Carb
Amylase
Brush border enzymes
Protein
Trypsin and chymotrypsin
Bush border enzymes
Fat
Lipase
Fat digestion
Emulsified into droplets by bile salts
Exposed to lipase
Micelles
Embryology
Blood supply and venous drainage
Innervation and splanchnic nerves