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Sustainability (Cleaner Design and technology (Use and maintenance…

- - - - Easy to dismantle for repair or re-use and so extending product life
      - Easy to separate different materials for recycling
      - Easy to remove components that must be treated separately for repair
      - use few different materials as possible
      - mark the materials/polymers in orders to sort correctly
      - avoid surface treatment in order to keep the materials 'clean'
    - - Cyclic: products are made from biodegradable organic materials Eg: Biopol
      - Solar: products that in manufacture and use consume only renewable energy that is cyclic and safe
      - Safe: products that don't emit unnecessary pollutants or chemicals during their manufacture
      - Efficient: products that in manufacture and use, require 90% less energy
      - Social: products whose manufacture and use supports basic human rights and natural justice
  - - - Paper and Board
        
        Trees
        
        Extraction: Deforestation, environmental degradation of forest areas, distribution, etc.
        
        Processing: chemical pollutants used in chemical wood pulp production and bleaching
      - Metals
        
        Aluminium - bauxite ore steel - iron ore
        
        Extraction: Environmental impact of mining activities, e.g. energy use, open-cast mining, transportation, etc.
        
        Process: Vast amounts of energy required to process ores and resultant carbon dioxide emissions
      - Polymers
        
        Crude oil
        
        Extraction: drilling activities e.g. energy use, destruction of habitat, etc.
        
        Process: vast amount of energy required to refine oil and produce polymers, with resultant carbon dioxide emissions
  - - - simpler design with fewer components to reduce materials use and assembly time
      - Different materials to reduce their weight or the quantity used
      - Materials that use less energy during manu. and produce less waste
      - Simpler components that are easier to machine or mould and produce less waste
      - a simplified or different work flow with improved quality control
  - - - extremely large energy use resulting in large amounts of carbon dioxide contributing to global warming
      - Large amounts of congestion on the roads in the UK
      - Other less polluting transport could be used E.g. electric trains
      - Size of journeys from the manufacturer, could use local resources
      - Lorry loads can be adapted - carrying lighter loads, products designed lighter and with more space saving designs. Driving sensibly and smoothly.
    - - Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
        
        Ads
        
        Relatively good fuel availability
        
        Good range of kits available
        
        Reduced emissions
        
        Increasingly good supply of used vehicles
        
        Low cost fuel - less than 50% diesel
        
        Reliable performance
        
        Dis
        
        Not available for diesel cars vehicles
        
        No factory-fit models available
      - Bio ethanol
        
        Ads
        
        Reduced emissions
        
        increased power
        
        Factory-fit model now available
        
        Renewable fuel
        
        Dis
        
        Very poor availability of fuel
        
        Limited availability of vehicles
        
        Similar price to diesel
        
        Up to 30% lower economy that petrol
      - Compressed Natural Gas
        
        Ads
        
        Kits fit to existing diesel vehicles such as HGVs
        
        Similar economy to diesel
        
        Reduces diesel emissions
        
        Dis
        
        Very poor availability of fuel
        
        Limited availability of kits and vehicles
        
        Slow refueling times
      - Hydrogen
        
        Ads
        
        Zero Emissions
        
        Renewable fuel
        
        Dis
        
        Very poor availability of fuel
        
        Limited availability of kits and vehicles
      - Electricity
        
        Ads
        
        Zero emissions
        
        Dis
        
        Very Limited range
        
        Slow charging/ refueling times
- - - - improving analysis, public awareness and participation
      - Providing Incentives for sustainable consumption
      - Energy: sustainable use, efficiency and renewable sources
      - New strategies for transport and sustainable cities
      - Accelerating the use of more efficient and cleaner technologies
      - Strengthening international action and cooperation
- - - - Basis compiles a list of all the inputs and outputs of industrial processes that occur during the life cycle of product
        
        Environmental inputs and outputs of raw materials and energy resources
        
        Economic inputs and outputs of products of products, components or energy that are outputs from other processes
    - - Second stage of this process to interpret the data to access the overall environmental impact of product
- - - - believe in 'back to nature' approach where humanity should be woven more deeply into the natural world through the use of renewable energy resources
      - Renewable
        
        Wind
        
        Water
        
        Solar
        
        Biomass and bio fuels
    - - are less conventional green thinkers who believe that technology is the way forward, therefore reducing the dependency on the planet's natural resources
      - Non renewable
        
        Nuclear
        
        Fossil fuels
- - - - First priorities for a designer is to reduce quantities of materials whenever possible
      - Packaging designers must optimise the amount of materials in order to minimise the consumption of resources, in turn achieve significant cost saving and improved profits
      - Manufacturers are obliged to reduce packaging use under UK Producer Responsibility Obligations Regulations 1997. Gov enviowise programme suggests that manu. ...
        
        consider materials and designs they use
        
        Eliminating or reducing the packaging required for a product - changes in product design, JIT, improved clean and handling, bulk del. etc.
        
        optimise packaging use i.e. match packaging to level of protection needed
    - - The reuse of a product once used - plastic bottles - reduces the needs for raw materials extraction
      - Reduces the need for energy to extract and for recycling processes
      - Refillable appear to offer environmental benefits yet they often require greater use of resources in their production
      - Only really effective in small areas for collection and reusing of products
      - If reuse is to be economically viable then the cost of collection, washing and refilling should be less than producing a new container
      - Concentrated forms of detergent and aerosols have has resulted in a reduction of package for the same amount
    - - Takes waste materials and products reprocess them to manu. something new. Papers and boards can be made into the same products
      - Other products like plastics can be made into pencils
      - Important aspect of consumer society with millions of tonnes of waste being disposed of in landfill or incineration, causing environmental issues
    - - Manu. of any product requires energy. If put to landfill it is lost energy. Waste that cannot be readily recycled and burn cleanly, can be incinerated to create elecricity and hot water for local areas
      - Adopting such a technology less finite resources is needed to generate electricity - not ideal solution - Sweeden 47% of waste is recovered