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Design in Context (The effects of Technological changes on Society…

- - - - Many new fields of design were needed to accommodate the industrial changes of the indust rev - professional designers were needed
      - Pop expolsions occured in towns and cities where production was centred - new urban life was created
      - More people wanted more products, mass production responded to this; expensive craft work was replaced with machine work - working people could afford products which previously were for the rich
    - - 1930s
        
        Ads and marketing became more important in industry - using research to make new products; aesthetically pleasing products were important marketing tool (streamlining)
        
        developed in 1930s out of pop culture, lifestyle and fashion
        
        Time where international commerce developed, new chances for PD such as luxury ships, aeroplanes - Art Deco style department stores
      - 1945+
        
        After WWII a period of hardship with few luxuries as countries struggled to recover from fighting
        
        1950s the new consumer market was developing - started primarily in America and then to Europe
        
        New 'teenager' - rebelled against parent and started carving own lifestyle; design evo rapidly to meet expanding needs to teen market, incorporating high fashion and consumer goods Eg: portable radios and cars etc. for mobile youth
  - - - Forms of built-in obsolescence
        
        Technological: occurs mainly in computer and electronics, forced to introduce new products with increased tech features to stay ahead of competition; Eg Mobile phones updating annually
        
        Postponed: Occurs when companies launch a new product even though they have the tech to realise a better product at the time; Eg Sony launching PS3 it knew of its next gen of consoles
        
        Physical: Occurs when the very design of a product determines the lifespan; Eg: Disposable or consumables Ink or light bulbs
        
        Style: due to changes in fashion and trends where products seem out of date and force the customer to replace them with 'trendy' goods
  - - - CIM systems incorporating CAD and CAM have revolutionised modern manufacturing and print industry
      - Digital age has bought about change to how business respond to meet clients needs. Printers are able to make full colour shot run very quick and fast delivery
      - Printing plates can quickly be produced using Computer-to-plate (CTP) technology; cuts the long process of producing printing plates and instead data is transfered directly to the laser engrvaer - costs are significantly reduced
      - Digital printing is well suited to the production of short runs - post printing can be cut, folded or bound using automated machinery with efficient workflow
  - - - Development of smart materials has seen them being applied to a whole range of innovative products - having the ability to respond to changes in environment and return to original form
      - The use of smart materials and products for innovative apps
        
        Smart Glass - used to change light transmission properties of windows of windows when voltage is applied i.e opacity change; transparent to translucent
        ads
        
        Controls amount of heat passing through - saves energy costs; Provides shade from UV rays; Provides privacy
        dis
        
        Expensive to install; Requires constant supply of electricity; speed of control; Degree of transparency
      - Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) - used it spectacle frames as the crystal of the advanced composite, once deformed, remembers original form Eg. Memoflex glasses
        ads
        
        Superelasticity - extremely flexible can be bend, without permanent damage; Immediately recover shape; Lightweight and durable - alloy has titanium
        dis
        
        Not unbreakable; more expensive than similar polymer frames
      - Thermochromic Pigments- combined with polymers and used in 'chameleon' kettles, which change colour when boiling (pink) and return to normal when cool (blue)
        Ads
        
        Immediate visual indication of temp.; safety feature; aesthetic 'novelty' appeal
        dis
        
        Limited colour range; Not possible to engineer accurate temperature settings to colour changes
      - Smart Fluid/ oils/ grease - used in car's suspension to dampen the ride depending on conditions - 2nd Gen Audi TT the fluid used contains metallic elements that alter viscosity of fluid when magnetic field is applied
        ads
        
        Improves handling and road-holding as it adapts to road; better and faster control
        dis
        
        more expensive than traditional systems
  - - - It is much cheaper than in the west. Same quality of work for fraction of price E.g. China 50% cheaper
      - Also gains greater access to expanding and growing markets
    - - Large scale unemployment in developed countries
      - UK based multinational company could pay for UK workers minimum wage, where in India/China can pay them 60% less
        
        Workers in developing countries may not have same opportunities, like promotion, pay rises, company benefits, union and working conditions as Western colleagues would demand
      - Becoming too dependent on large unskilled work forces
  - - - Issues relating to this concern the effects of global economy and of multinationals on quality of life, employment and the environment
      - HQs tend to be in developed countries but however some multinationals are based in developing countries - generally welcomed by developing governments
      - Ads
        
        Economic regeneration of local area through increased employment in manufacturing and service industries
        
        Improvement of living standards through career dev. and multi-skilling of a workforce
        
        Physical regeneration of local area through dev.of infrastructure, transportation and/ or local amenities
      - Dis
        
        Increased pollution and waste production as a result of manufacturing activities
        
        Destruction of local environment to build new factories and infrastructure
        
        lower wages than workers in developed countries where a minimum wage operates
      - More on Pg 119, environmental and employment issues
- - - - Fitness for purpose
      - Craftsmen reaction to industrialisation - honesty in design and making
    - - Simplicity
      - Natural from and materials
  - - - The languid line
      - Formulation of new aesthetic values for urban lifestyle
    - - Curvy 'whiplash' lines and stylised flowers
      - Languid Female form
  - - - Functionalism
      - Reducing form to the most essential elements by omitting decorative frills
    - - Machine aesthetic using modern materials
      - Simple, geometrically pure forms and clean lines
  - - - Popular Modernism
      - Opulent architectural and decorative arts style in reaction to post war austerity
    - - Zig-zagged, geometric fan motifs
      - Symmetry and repetition
      - Inspiration from Ancient Egypt
  - - - Consumerism and style
      - New prosperity and widened consumer choice
      - Celebrating speed and efficiency
    - - Areodynamics
      - Teardrop shape
      - Futuristic inspiration
  - - - 'Less is bore!' expressive and individual as opposed to modernist functionalism
    - - Humour and personality
      - Retro Design
      - Deconstruction
- - - - A single design that is valid for everyone: door tall for everyone and wide enough for a wheelchair
      - Designing a range of the same product that covers all possibilities, example clothes sizes
      - Adaptable to different sizes, example chair adjusting height
      - accessory that adapts itself to the original design, example car seats for children
  - - - Driver's seat
        
        Can be moved back and forward for different arm and leg lengths in relation to the wheel
        
        Up and down for height so can see over the dashboard
        
        Shape of seat to accommodate various body sizes and padding for comfort
        
        adjustable for comfort when driving long distances i.e. lumber support
        
        head rest to support neck
      - Steering wheel
        
        Diameter of the wheel to aid control of turning - shoulder width
        
        Thickness of the wheel, use of soft/ textured/ pistol grip features to provide comfort and safe grip
        
        Up down to accommodate different driving styles
      - Gear stick/ hand brake
        
        Positioned in relation to steering wheel
        
        Diameter of them - use of soft/ textured features to provide comfort and safe grip
      - Foot Pedals
        
        Distance from seat - seat back and forward
        
        Size and spacing in pedals accommodating shoe size
        
        Texture on pedal for non-slip surface
      - Dashboard instruments
        
        Layout is in easy reach for the driver
        
        Essentials like speedometer are seen - behind wheel
        
        Instant visual impact on warning and safety lights
        
        Brightness of illumination for when driving at night
        
        Size of buttons and knobs for ease of use and for limiting the need for hand to be removed from wheel
      - Heat and Air conditioning
        
        Temp. control of the car's interior environment is important for comfort
      - Mirrors
        
        Can be adjusted from the driving seat to provide all round visibility - ball joint for manual move of rear mirror and electric for wing mirrors