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OBSOLESCENCE AND THE SHRINKING CITY (GOVERNANCE BEYOND GROWTH…
OBSOLESCENCE AND THE SHRINKING CITY
SHRINKING CITIES
Measures
Population
Economic activity
Areally (as a response to population or EG decline)
Causes
De-industrialisation
E.g. Detroit and its automobile industry.
Lost 25% of population from 2000 to 2010
Suburbanisation
E.g. St. Louis shrinkage in spite of public housing efforts to resettle city slums (Pruitt-Igoe). Suburbanisation of White middle class. Strong racial overtones.
Natural demographic decline
E.g. Japanese cities
Post socialist transformation
E.g. end of Soviet Union affecting E. European cities
Others
Natural disasters
E.g. New Orleans and Hurricane Katrina 2005
Warfare
E.g. Cities in Palestine urbicide
E.g. Hiroshima nuclear bombs
GOVERNANCE BEYOND GROWTH
Partnerships for Demolition
(Bernt, 2009)
Urban decline in East German cities
Strategies adopted
Austerity measures (raising taxes, cutting services)
Supranational partnerships (private-public partnerships, grant coalitions)
Obtain funds from (supra)national levels (upscale responsibility)
Difference from growth contexts
Coping with decline more impt than entrep growth strategies
Grant rather than growth coalitions
Diversity of pathways, not just managerialism to entrepreneurialism
Toshi No Shukusho (Buhnik, 2010)
Osaka metropolitan area, suburbs shrinking but central city growing; an urban renaissanse
Sustainable not always equitable
Always about growth
(NL urban entrepreneurialism)
Shift focus to declining contexts.
'Governance in the absence of capital'.
PROGRESSIVE POSSIBILITIES
Model green city of Detroit
Nature taking over
An alternative pathway
Industrial forests in Ruhr region (Dettmar, 2005)
'Orderly retreat' of the city
Planned and positive shrinkage
Return of 'wild' nature
A type of future urbanism?
A completely urbanised world?
Planetary urbanisation