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Crime, deviance, social order and social control (Social control, deviance…

- - - - Societal deviance - refers to acts which are seen by most members of society as deviant
      - Situational deviacne - refers to acts which are only defined as deviant in particular contects
        
        Non-deviant crime
        
        The time
        
        The society or culture
        
        The social group
        
        The place or context
- - - - WC youths
        
        Believe in the success goals of mainstream culture :check:
        
        Experiences of failure in education, living in deprived areas and unemployment = little opportunity to achieve approved goals by legitimate means
        
        Believe they are denied status in mainstream society = STATUS FRUSTRATION
        
        They react to this system by developing an alternative value system (delinquent subculture)
        
        Crimes not for financial gain but for revenge
    - - Criminal subcultures = utalitarian crime
      - Conflict subcultures = socially disorganised areas where there is lack of social cohesion
      - Retreatist subcultures = 'double failures' in both succeeding in mainstream and criminal culture, so lead to drug addictions/ alcoholism
    - - Not that they accept the goals but cant achieve them...they don't have them anyway!
      - WC have their own subculture which has existed for centuries
      - This subculture (mainly males) revolves around focal concerns, which emphasis toughness and masculinity, smartness, freedom, trouble, and thrill-seeking.
- - - - Crime statistics- crime is a working-class phenomenon
      - Chamblis - one law for the rich and another for the poor
      - Higher social classes are less likely to be prosecuted and if they are, will be treated leniently
      - Pearce (1976) ' the crimes of the powerful' - the biggest crimes of all are committed by the ruling class
    - - Chambliss (1975) - laws are instruments of the ruling class and they reflect the ruling class ideology e.g. property
      - Snider (1991) - capitalist states will pass laws that regularte private business, and will rarely enforce them, and if they do, they wont do anything that will take away huge amounts of capitalist profit
    - - Crime is a rational response to the inequalities and competitiveness in capitalist societies.
      - Relative poverty = vandalism and theft and violence arising from hostility, frustration and social exclusion
      - Gordon (1971) - why isn't there more crime?
  - - - The wider social origins of the deviant act
      - The immediate origins of the deviant act
      - The actual act and what it means to the deviant
      - The immediate origins of societal reaction
      - The wider origins of societal reaction
      - The outcomes of the societal reaction on the deviants further action
    - - Crime is used to reassert the dominance of the ruling class hegemony at at time when it was under treat due to an economic or political crisis
- - - - Lea & Young (1984)
        
        Relative deprivation
        
        Marginalisation
        
        Subculture
      - Young (1999) - Late modernity and the bulimic society
        
        People gorge themselves on media images and expensive consumer lifestyles, but are the forced by economic circumstances to vomit out their raised expectations.
        
        Relative deprivation is made worse by 3 further features of late modernity:
        
        Growing individualisation
        
        The weakening of informal controls
        
        Growing economic inequality and economic change
    - - The factors of late modernity combine together to create a toxic mix that generate crime in the most deprived communities.
      - Lyng (1990) - WC youths more likely to involve themselves in 'edgework'
    - - Social structural factors and formal social control by the state
      - The public and extent of informal social control
      - The role of victims
      - The offenders
- - - - 'Malestream' middle-class sociologists had a kind of romanticised male preoccupation with macho working class deviance. By studying these kind of males it increases their 'street cred'
      - Academics and researchers mainly men
      - Less to study, due to low female crime, and less detectable offences, e.g. prostitution
- - - - Secondary deviance begins from the attachment of the label, and societal reaction to the deviant
      - Becker - Master Status
        
        The attachment of a label can have major consequences for the individual
        
        'A master status us one which displaces all other features of a persons social standing, and a person is judged solely in terms of that one defining characteristic.
        
        The Label can become a master status - a status that overrides all other characteristics
      - Deviance that follows once a person has been publicly labelled as deviant
    - - You're not a 'criminal' until someone knows about it
      - Deviance that has not been publicly labelled as such
  - - - Studies two cities in the US, juvenile crime higher in working-class areas as the same behaviour is viewed differently by the police, and are more like to surveillance areas where there are high concentrations of these groups.
      - Their subjective perceptions and stereotypes can affect whether criminal labels are attached, and how these lead to the social construction of crime statistics
      - Used a phenomenological approach to understand how law enforces make sense of and interpret what they see.
  - - - The interaction between deviants and those who define them as deviant
      - The process whereby rules are selectively enforced
      - The consequences of being labelled 'deviant'
      - The circumstances in which a person becomes set apart and defined as deviant
      - An analysis of who has the power to attach deviant labels and make them stick