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Crime & Deviance - Globalisation - Globalised Crime Examples &…
Crime & Deviance - Globalisation - Globalised Crime Examples & Effects
How has Globalisation effected Crime?
More Opportunities:
Castells:
Globalisation opens up opportunities for
new types of crime
and ways of committing it
E.g. prostitution, drug trade, illegal weapon trade etc.
Supply in Demand:
Demand for drugs, sex workers, body parts and cheap labour in affluent countries has increased and is
supplied by
poor of
developing countries
.
This leads to
emigration to developed
western countries.
Growing Inequality:
Creates
winners and losers
in the global marketplaces
Globalisation creates
new patterns of inequalities
Cultural Globalisation:
With the spread of consumerist ideology in a
media centred society
Media saturated contemporary societies expose people to
ideology of consumerism.
Growing Individualisation:
Bauman
Individuals in late modernity are left to
find their own solutions
to
globally
produced problems
Rewards in society increasingly seen in terms of
material and financial gains
.
Individuals put gain above that of community. This
leads to crimes
such as
trafficking
.
Global Risk Society:
Beck
Globalisation adds to the
insecurity and uncertainty
of life in modernity.
People become more
'risk conscious'
and fearful
Disorganised Capitalism:
(Lash & Urry)
Lash & Urry:
Globalisation has been accompanied by less regulation and few state controls over business and finance.
Deregulation, magnetisation and privatisation.
Less social cohesion and opportunity, more insecurity
Taylor
argues this has less to fewer job opportunities and more job insecurity; an increase of
unemployment
in the developed world and an increase of
exploitation of workers
in the developing.
The Nature and Extent of Global Crime
The international illegal drug trade:
The
UNODC
2007 drug report suggested this trade was worth
$332 billion
each year. This was higher than the
Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) in
88%
of the countries in the world.
The Home Office estimates that
over half
of acquisitive crime is
drug-related
.
Cyber-Crime:
Cyber-crime refers to a wide range of criminal acts committed with the help of
communication and informational technology
.
Cyber crime is one of the
fastest growing crimes
in the world.
Detica
estimates financial cyber-crimes cost the UK
£27 billion each year
.
Examples of Cyber-crimes include:
internet-based freud
Terrorist webstes and netwokring
Cyber-attacks, such as hacking
Identity theft
Human Trafficking:
Human trafficking is the
illegal movement
and
smuggling of people
.
The National Crime Agency
estimated as many as 13,000 people in Britain who were victims of slavery.
There is also a
global criminal network
dealing with the trade in
illegal immigrants
, smuggling people into countries they are unable to enter legally.
Money Laundering:
Money laundering is concerned with making
money obtained illegally
look like it came from
legal sources
.
Castells
calls this
'matrix of global crime'
as criminals who deal with large amounts of money need to launder their money to avoid their criminal activities from coming to the attention of law-enforcement.
The
increase of technology
has made it
easier to launder 'dirty money'
through
complex financial transactions
.
Transnational Organised Crime
Castells
argues that globalisation has created transnational networks of organised crime, which opperate in many countries.
Farr
suggests there are two main types of global criminal networks:
Established Mafias:
these have existed
before globalisation
occurred - e.g. the Italian-American mafia - these have
adapted their organisations
to take advantage of the various
new opportunities
opened up by
globalisation
.
Newer Organised Crime Groups:
these have emerged
since the creation of globalisation
and the
collapse of the communist regimes
of Russia and Eastern Europe. - e.g. the Russian, East European and Albanian criminal groups.
Glenny
uses the term
'McMafia'
to describe the way transnational organised crime
mirrors
the activities of legal transnational corporations, such as
McDonald's
. They both are operating as
purely self-interested economic organisations
.
From Global to Local - Glocalism:
Hobbs and Dunnighan
suggest that
global criminal networks
need to work with
local contexts
to function. For example, the drugs trade and human trafficking require local drug dealers and pimps, and these
local criminals require the global networks
to get their 'products'.
Hobbs
created the term
'glocal'
to describe this inter-connectivity between local and global transnational crimes.