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blood circulation and transportation (blood (function (excrete wastes,…
blood circulation and transportation
blood
function
excrete wastes
occur across capillary walls
transport heat & transmit force
transport metabolites
transport hormones
transport of cells of non-respiratory function
transport oxygen & nutrients
composition
plasma
plasma proteins
salts, gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones
water
formed elements
erythrocytes
transport O2 using haemoglobin
leukocytes
fight infections
platelets
stem cell
embryonic
capable of becoming virtually any cell type
adult
become only certain other types of cell
identified in liver, skin, muscle, brain, red bone marrow
treat leukocyte and immune system disorder
hematopoietic
myeloid
megakaryocyte (platelets)
monocyte
transformed into macrophages
erythrocytes
eosinophils
combating multicellular parasites
mediators of allergy responses & asthma pathogenesis
basophil
contain anti-coagulant heparin
parasitic infections & allergies
neutrophil (amoeboid)
engulf foreign material
lymphoid
T cell
attack infected cells with virus
natural killer cell
B cell
produce antibodies combine with antigen
blood clotting
platelets release prothrombin activator (prothrombin -> thrombin)
thrombin splits fibrinogen -> fibrin
fibrin fibres form a mesh
bleeding stops
clot hardens &become smaller
new cells grow to repair wound
plasmin dissolve clot
disorder
hemophilia- clotting disorder, cause internal bleeding
blood types
B (anti-A)
AB (no antibody)
A (anti-B)
O (no antigen), ( anti-A & anti-B)
Rh system
antigen in matching blood types
erythroblastosis fetails
mother (Rh-negative), father(Rh-positive), child (Rh-positive)
Rh-+ve RBC leak across the placenta into mother cardiovascular system
mother produces anti-Rh antibodies, destroy child RBC during subsequent pregnancy
definition
moving of fluid for rapid mass transport over distance where diffusion is too slow
circulation systems (CS)
invertebrates
gastrovascular cavity
cnidarians
each cell independently exchange gases, nutrients uptake and excrete waste
flatworms
trilobed branches throughout the body, nutrient molecules diffuse from cell to cell effectively
open CS
hemolymph (blue-green)
mixture of blood & tissue fluid that flows into body cavity
arthropods (grasshopper)
colorless blood
doesn't depend on CS to deliver oxygen
tracheal respiratory system - take oxygen outside to muscles
contraction of heart draws blood from haemocoel to heart via ostia
slow circulation
molluscs
heart -> tissue space -> heart
slow delivery of oxygen & nutrients
closed CS
blood (red)
within blood vessel
annelids (earthworms)
blood moves into capillaries for exchanges with tissue fluid
small veins -> dorsal blood vessel -> heart (re-pumping)
rhythmic pulsatile movements of heart - circulate the blood
fast ciculation
vertebrates
closed CS
single-loop
heart pumps blood to gills
example
fish
1 atrium & 1 ventricle
double-loop
circuit
pulmonary
O2-poor blood from right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary trunk (divides into right & left pulmonary arteries -carry blood to lungs)
O2-rich blood (pulmonary vein -> left atrium)
systemic
heart pumps blood to all parts of the body except
aorta & vena cava (major)
left ventricle -> aorta -> vein -> vena cava -> right atrium
portal systems begin & end in capillaries
example
amphibians & most reptiles
2 atria & 1 ventricle
O2-poor blood pump out of the ventricle to the systemic circuit before O2-rich blood enters
birds, mammals & some reptiles
2 atria & 2 ventricles (left (O2-rich) & right (O2-poor) sides divided by septum)
complete separation of circuits
right ventricle pumps blood to lungs
left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body
cardiovascular system
heart
valves
semilunar
1 more item...
atrioventricular
1 more item...
right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid) -> pulmonary semilunar valve
-> pulmonary trunk & arteries
left atrioventricular valve (mitral) -> pulmonary semilunar valve -> aorta
heartbeat (rhythmic)
70 times per min
cardiac cycle
3 more items...
blood pressure
3 more items...
phases
4 more items...
types of blood vessels
capillaries
2 more items...
vein
3 more items...
artery
3 more items...
cardiovascular disease
hypertension - atherosclerosis- plaque (stationary-thrombus; move-embolus) in the lumen interferes with blood flow
stroke
small cranial arteriole bursts / blocked by an embolus)
heart attack
corony artery is completely blocked, heart muscle dies due to lack of O2
prevention
don'ts
smoking
drug abuse
weight gain
dos
cholesterol profile
exercise
healthy diet
lymphatic system
lymph vessels
found in all tissues except CNS, bone marrows, tissues without blood vessels(cartilage)
blood capillaries (highest pressure)-> interstitial fluid-> lymph capillaries->lymph veins-> lymph ducts-> large veins (lowest pressure)
functions
fat absorption & transportation
immunological defense
fluid balance
lymph nodes
testing station
filtering stations
create lymphocytes
lymphoid organs
primary
thymus
bone marrow
secondary(sites of lymphocyte activation by antigens)
lymph nodes, lymphoid follicles in tonsils. adenoids, Peyer's patches, spleen, skin
disorder
lymphedema
elephantiasis
lymphatic filariasis