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Green crime (Who commits green crime (Individuals have big impact, e.g…
Green crime
Who commits green crime
Individuals have big impact, e.g littering, illegal disposal of household waste, collecting eggs of protected birds, dealing endangered animals
Private business orgs cause most devastating environmental harms. e,g corperate crime as they are responsible for bulk of land, air and water pollution through emissions, waste and breaches of regs
State and government: Santana (2002) Points out military is largest polluter, and warfare plays huge role.
Organised crime has had a long standing involvement in green crime, in collusion with gov and industry. Significant proportion of environmental crime carried out by global criminal network.
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Examples
Examples of primary: Illegal logging in tropical rainforests such as the Amazon, 1/5 of the worlds tropical rainforest has been lost to logging and other activities. New crime has formed on the war of drugs in Andes, spraying coca and marijuana crops however also killing food crops and contaminating water.
Secondary green crime: French secret police blowing up a greenpeace ship rainbow warrior on Auckland harbor, apparently the ship was an attempt to prevent greenpeace green crime, e.g French nuclear weapons testing in pacific. Businesses disposing toxic waste e,g the eco mafias in Italy profit by illegally dumping toxic waste
Types
Primary crimes which is direct pollution, such as, Crimes of air pollution (3 billion tons of carbon p/year), Crimes of deforestation, Crimes of specie decline (50 species a day becoming extinct) and Crimes of water pollution 25 million people a year die of contaminated water.
Secondary crime, crime flouting rules that seek to regulate pollution, e.g State violence against oppositional groups (french secret police blew up greenpeace ship), Hazardous waste and organised crime.
Laws and policies
Aims after 1940/50s was to build a better world post WW2 however this backfired. Industrialisation lead to killer smog in 1952 which lead to the clean air act of 1956.
Legislation gained pace since mid 20th century, in 1972 the UN conference on human environment was credited for giving rise to further awareness, lead to plan with 109 recommendations in 6 broad areas, and to a programme manage the global commons establishing a UN environment programme.
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Views on enforcement
Snider (1991) - Argues states are the most reluctant to pass laws against pollution and other environmental harm by private business and only do when pressured by public opposition. They will strengthen them reluctantly and will weaken them whenever possible