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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Respiration in different animals (Phyla Annelida…
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Respiration in different animals
Phyla Cnidaria
Gas exchange across body surface
Thin cell or tissue layer
Circulate water across outer surface
Limitations
Cannot be large in size
Cannot be involved in energy-consuming activities
Phyla Annelida
Cutaneous respiration
Thin skin
Increased surface area
Use cilia on skin to move water
Limitations
No energetically expensive activities
Cannot get too large
Arthropods
Tracheal tube systems
Air passes through branching network of tracheal tubes and terminates in fluid filled tracheoles
Gases exchange between fluid of tracheoles and body cells
Arachnid
Book lung
Air move in the cavities between lamellae and exchange of respiratory gasses occur with the heamolymph
Fish
Internal gills
Gills are moist, thin structure that extend from body
Made up of gill filaments that contain rich capillary network
Increase surface area of gill with feather-like arrangement
Constantly pump water across gills with buccal and opercular cavities
Limitations
Gills very efficient in water but do not work on land
Gills lack support needed in less-buoyant air; gill filaments collapse
Air is relatively dry and all respiratory surfaces must be moist
External gills
Neotenic salamander
Thin gills
Increase surface area with feather-like arrangement of gills by using skin as additional respiratory surface
Limitations
Must be in constant motion or in water current
Tissue delicate and cannot be protected
Relatively small body size
Mammals
Lungs have enormous surface ares due to presence of elaborate network of thin air sacs
Amphibians
Connective tissues ridges inside lungs increase surface area
Reptiles
Simple sacs with folding of wall to increase surface area; not very efficient
Diaphragm is absent
Bird
Have associated air-sac system known as aerodynamical valving
Extremely efficient lungs
Fresh air passes across lungs during both inhalation and exhalation
Factor affecting oxygen binding
Temperature
pH
Organic Phospates
Altitude
Free radicals
carbon monoxide
Gas exchange in different animals
Small animals have relatively large surface area over volume achieves sufficient rate of respiratory gas exchange between their bodies and the external environment
Larger animals need specialised respiratory organ to deliver oxygen throughout their bodies
Transportation
Oxygen
Almost all oxygen combine with hemoglobin to form axyhemoglobin
A very small percentage dissolve in blood plasma
Carbon dioxide
Majority of CO2 undergo modification into bicarbonate ion
A smaller percentage of CO2 bound to protein
Even small percentage dissolve in blood plasma
Definition of Respiration
The process of obtaining oxygen from the external environment and eliminating carbon dioxide
Importance of Respiration
To acquire the oxygen needed to breakdown food molecule into energy and eliminating the carbon dioxide produced in the process